Apache Juneau {@property juneauVersion} Documentation

Apache Juneau {@property juneauVersion} Documentation Preview

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New documentation in {@property juneauVersion}

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{@fragment about.html}
Table of Contents
  1. Introduction

    1. Features

    2. Components

  2. juneau-marshall

    1. Serializers

    2. Parsers

    3. Marshalls

    4. HTTP Part Serializers

    5. HTTP Part Parsers

    6. Configurable Properties

      1. Common Serializer Properties

      2. Common Serializer Properties

      3. Common Parser Properties

    7. ObjectMap and ObjectList

    8. SerializerGroups and ParserGroups

    9. Contexts, Builders, Sessions, and PropertyStores

    10. Transforms

      1. PojoSwaps

      2. Per-media-type PojoSwaps

      3. One-way PojoSwaps

      4. @Swap Annotation

      5. Templated Swaps

      6. Swap Methods

      7. Surrogate Classes

      8. @BeanProperty Annotation

      9. @BeanProperty Annotation

      10. @BeanConstructor Annotation

      11. @BeanIgnore Annotation

      12. @NameProperty Annotation

      13. @ParentProperty Annotation

      14. POJO Builders

      15. BeanFilter Class

      16. Interface Filters

      17. Stop Classes

      18. Bypass Serialization using Readers and InputStreams

    11. Bean Names and Dictionaries

      1. Bean Subtypes

    12. Virtual Beans

    13. Non-Tree Models and Recursion Detection

    14. Parsing into Generic Models

    15. Reading Continuous Streams

    16. URIs

    17. Comparison with Jackson

    18. POJO Categories

    19. JSON Details

      1. JSON Methodology

      2. JSON Serializers

      3. Simplified JSON

      4. JSON Parsers

      5. @Json Annotation

      6. JSON-Schema Support

    20. XML Details

      1. XML Methodology

      2. XML Serializers

      3. XML Parsers

      4. @Bean(typeName) Annotation

      5. @Xml(childName) Annotation

      6. @Xml(format) Annotation

      7. Namespaces

      8. XML-Schema Support

    21. HTML Details

      1. HTML Methodology

      2. HTML Serializers

      3. HTML Parsers

      4. @Html Annotation

      5. @Html(render) Annotation

      6. HtmlDocSerializer

      7. BasicHtmlDocTemplate

      8. Custom Templates

      9. HTML-Schema Support

    22. UON Details

      1. UON Methodology

      2. UON Serializers

      3. UON Parsers

    23. URL-Encoding Details

      1. URL-Encoding Methodology

      2. URL-Encoding Serializers

      3. URL-Encoding Parsers

      4. @UrlEncoding Annotation

    24. MessagePack Details

      1. MessagePack Serializers

      2. MessagePack Parsers

    25. OpenAPI Details

      1. OpenAPI Methodology

      2. OpenAPI Serializers

      3. OpenAPI Parsers

    26. Best Practices

  3. juneau-marshall-rdf

    1. RDF Details

      1. RDF Serializers

      2. RDF Parsers

      3. @Rdf Annotation

      4. Namespaces

      5. URI Properties

      6. Root Property

      7. Typed Literals

  4. juneau-dto

    1. HTML5

    2. Atom

    3. Swagger

    4. Swagger UI

  5. juneau-svl

    1. Simple Variable Language

    2. SVL Variables

    3. VarResolvers and VarResolverSessions

    4. Other Notes

  6. juneau-config

    1. Overview

      1. Syntax Rules

    2. Entry Types

      1. Primitive Types

      2. POJOs

      3. Arrays

      4. Collections

      5. Binary Data

    3. Variables

      1. Logic Variables

    4. Encoded Entries

    5. Section Maps

    6. Section Beans

    7. Section Interfaces

    8. Setting Values

      1. File System Changes

      2. Custom Entry Serialization

      3. Setting Values in Bulk

    9. Listeners

    10. Serializing

    11. Config Stores

      1. ConfigMemoryStore

      2. ConfigFileStore

      3. Custom ConfigStores

      4. ConfigStore Listeners

    12. Read-only Configs

    13. Closing Configs

    14. System Default Config

  7. juneau-rest-server

    1. Hello World Example

    2. Class Hierarchy

    3. Instantiation

      1. RestServlet

      2. BasicRestServlet

      3. Children

      4. Router Pages

      5. Resource Resolvers

      6. Lifecycle Hooks

    4. @RestResource

      1. Annotation Inheritance

    5. RestContext

    6. @RestMethod

      1. Java Method Parameters

      2. RestRequest

      3. RestResponse

      4. RequestBody

      5. RequestHeaders

      6. RequestQuery

      7. RequestFormData

      8. @RestMethod(path)

      9. RequestPathMatch

      10. Method Return Types

      11. ReaderResource

      12. StreamResource

      13. @RestMethod(matchers)

      14. Predefined Responses

      15. Predefined Exceptions

      16. Predefined Helper Beans

    7. restRPC

    8. OpenAPI Schema Part Parsing

    9. OpenAPI Schema Part Serializing

    10. HTTP-Part Annotations

      1. @Body

      2. @FormData

      3. @HasFormData

      4. @Query

      5. @HasQuery

      6. @Header

      7. @Path

      8. @Request

      9. @Response

      10. @ResponseHeader

      11. @ResponseStatus

    11. Handling Form Posts

    12. Handling Multi-Part Form Posts

    13. Serializers

    14. Parsers

    15. Properties

    16. Transforms

    17. URIs

    18. Guards

    19. Converters

    20. Messages

    21. Encoders

    22. SVL Variables

    23. Configuration Files

    24. Static files

    25. Client Versioning

    26. RestInfoProvider

      1. BasicRestInfoProvider

    27. Swagger

      1. BasicRestServlet

      2. Basic Swagger Info

      3. Tags

      4. Operations

      5. Parameters

      6. Parameter Examples

      7. Responses

      8. Response Examples

      9. Models

      10. SwaggerUI.css

    28. @HtmlDoc

      1. User Interfaces (UI) vs. Developer Interfaces (DI)

      2. Widgets

      3. Predefined Widgets

      4. UI Customization

      5. Stylesheets

    29. Default Headers

    30. Logging and Error Handling

    31. HTTP Status Codes

    32. Overloading HTTP Methods

    33. Built-in Parameters

    34. Custom Serializers and Parsers

    35. Using with OSGi

    36. Serverless Unit Testing

    37. Using with Spring and Injection frameworks

    38. Using HTTP/2 features

    39. Other Notes

  8. juneau-rest-server-jaxrs

    1. Juneau JAX-RS Provider

  9. juneau-rest-server-springboot

    1. Overview

  10. juneau-rest-client

    1. REST Proxies

      1. @RemoteResource

      2. @RemoteMethod

      3. @Body

      4. @FormData

      5. @Query

      6. @Header

      7. @Path

      8. @Request

      9. @Response

      10. Dual-purpose (end-to-end) interfaces

    2. SSL Support

    3. Authentication

      1. BASIC Authentication

      2. FORM-based Authentication

      3. OIDC Authentication

    4. Using Response Patterns

    5. Piping Response Output

    6. Debugging

    7. Logging

    8. Interceptors

    9. Serverless Unit Testing

    10. Other Useful Methods

  11. juneau-microservice-core

    1. Microservice Overview

    2. Lifecycle Methods

    3. Args

    4. Manifest

    5. Config

    6. System properties

    7. VarResolver

    8. Console Commands

    9. Logging

    10. Listeners

  12. juneau-microservice-jetty

    1. Overview

    2. Lifecycle Methods

    3. Resource Classes

    4. Predefined Resource Classes

    5. Config

    6. Jetty.xml file

    7. UI Customization

    8. Extending JettyMicroservice

  13. my-jetty-microservice

    1. Installing in Eclipse

    2. Running in Eclipse

    3. Building and Running from Command-Line

  14. my-springboot-microservice

    1. Installing in Eclipse

    2. Running in Eclipse

    3. Building and Running from Command-Line

  15. juneau-examples-core

    1. Installing in Eclipse

    2. Examples

  16. juneau-examples-rest

    1. RootResources

    2. HelloWorldResource

    3. PetStore

    4. DtoExamples

    5. ConfigResource

    6. LogsResource

  17. juneau-examples-rest-jetty

    1. Installing in Eclipse

    2. Running in Eclipse

    3. Building and Running from Command-Line

  18. juneau-examples-rest-springboot

    1. Installing in Eclipse

    2. Running in Eclipse

    3. Building and Running from Command-Line

    4. Deploying to Heroku

  19. Security Best-Practices

    1. juneau-marshall

    2. juneau-svl

    3. juneau-rest-server

1 - Introduction

Apache Juneau™ is a single cohesive Java ecosystem consisting of the following parts:

Questions via email to dev@juneau.apache.org are always welcome.

Juneau is packed with features that may not be obvious at first. Users are encouraged to ask for code reviews by providing links to specific source files such as through GitHub. Not only can we help you with feedback, but it helps us understand usage patterns to further improve the product.

History

Juneau started off as a popular internal IBM toolkit called Juno. Originally used for serializing POJOs to and from JSON, it later expanded in scope to include a variety of content types, and then later REST servlet, client, and microservice APIs. It's use grew to more than 50 projects and was one of the most popular community source projects within IBM.

In June of 2016, the code was donated to the Apache Foundation under the project Apache Juneau where it has continued to evolve to where it is today.

1.1 - Features

1.2 - Components

We've strived to keep prerequisites to an absolute minimum in order to make adoption as easy as possible.

The library consists of the following artifacts found in the Maven group "org.apache.juneau":

CategoryMaven ArtifactsDescriptionPrereqs
juneau-core juneau-marshall Serializers and parsers for:
  • JSON
  • XML
  • HTML
  • UON
  • URL-Encoding
  • MessagePack
  • OpenAPI
  • SOAP/XML
  • CSV
  • BSON (coming soon)
  • YAML (coming soon)
  • Protobuf (coming soon)
  • Amazon Ion (coming soon)
  • Java 8
juneau-marshall-rdf Serializers and parsers for:
  • RDF/XML
  • RDF/XML-Abbrev
  • N-Triple
  • Turtle
  • N3
  • Java 8
  • Apache Jena 2.7.1
juneau-dto Data Transfer Objects for:
  • HTML5
  • Atom
  • Cognos
  • JSON-Schema
  • Swagger 2.0
  • Java 8+
juneau-svl Simple Variable Language API
  • Java 8+
juneau-config Configuration file API
  • Java 8+
juneau-rest juneau-rest-server REST Servlet API
  • Java 8
  • Servlet 3.1+
juneau-rest-server-springboot Spring Boot integration support
  • Java 8+
  • Spring Boot 2.0+
juneau-rest-server-jaxrs JAX-RS support
  • Java 8+
  • JAX-RS 2.0
juneau-rest-client REST Client API
  • Java 8+
  • Apache HttpClient 4.5+
juneau-microservice juneau-microservice-core Microservice API
  • Java 8+
juneau-microservice-jetty Jetty Microservice API
  • Java 8+
  • Eclipse Jetty 9.4+
my-jetty-microservice Developer template project for Jetty-based microservices.
  • Java 8+
  • Eclipse Jetty 9.4+
my-springboot-microservice Developer template project for Spring-Boot-based microservices.
  • Java 8+
  • Spring Boot 2.0+
juneau-examples juneau-examples-core Core code examples
juneau-examples-rest REST code examples
juneau-examples-rest-jetty REST code examples deployed using Jetty
juneau-examples-rest-springboot REST code examples deployed using Spring Boot
juneau-all juneau-all Combination of the following:
  • juneau-marshall
  • juneau-dto
  • juneau-svl
  • juneau-config
  • juneau-rest-server
  • juneau-rest-client
  • Java 8+
  • Servlet 3.1+
  • Apache HttpClient 4.5+

The current version of Juneau is {@property juneauVersion}. The easiest way to pull in the library is through the following maven dependency:

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-all</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

If you would like to work with the bleeding-edge code, you can access the {@property juneauVersionNext}-SNAPSHOT version through the following repository:

<pluginRepositories> <pluginRepository> <id>apache.snapshots</id> <url>http://repository.apache.org/snapshots/</url> <snapshots> <enabled>true</enabled> <updatePolicy>always</updatePolicy> </snapshots> </pluginRepository> </pluginRepositories>

Each of the components are also packaged as stand-alone OSGi modules.

2 - juneau-marshall

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-marshall</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-marshall-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.marshall_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

The juneau-marshall artifact contains the API for defining serializers and parsers, and marshalling support for JSON, XML, HTML, URL-Encoding, UON and others.

It also defines many convenience utility classes used throughout the framework.

2.1 - Serializers

One of the goals of Juneau was to make serialization as simple as possible. In a single line of code, you should be able to serialize and parse most POJOs. Despite this simplicity, Juneau provides lots of extensibility and configuration properties for tailoring how POJOs are serialized and parsed.

The built-in serializers in Juneau are fast, efficient, and highly configurable. They work by serializing POJOs directly to streams instead of using intermediate Document Object Model objects.

In most cases, you can serialize objects in one line of code by using one of the default serializers:

// A simple bean public class Person { public String name = "John Smith"; public int age = 21; } // Serialize to JSON, XML, or HTML Person p = new Person(); // Produces: // "{\"name\":\"John Smith\",\"age\":21}" String json = JsonSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(p); // Produces: // "{name:'John Smith',age:21}" String json = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(p); // Produces: // <object> // <name>John Smith</name> // <age>21</age> // </object> String xml = XmlSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(p); // Produces: // <table> // <tr><th>key</th><th>value</th></tr> // <tr><td>name</td><td>John Smith</td></tr> // <tr><td>age</td><td>21</td></tr> // </table> String html = HtmlSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(p); // Produces: // "(name='John Smith',age=21)" String uon = UonSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(p); // Produces: // "name='John+Smith'&age=21" String urlencoding = UrlEncodingSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(p); // Produces: // 82 A4 6E 61 6D 65 AA 4A 6F 68 6E 20 53 6D 69 74 68 A3 61 67 65 15 byte[] b = MsgPackSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(p);

In addition to the default serializers, customized serializers can be created using various built-in options:

// Use one of the default serializers to serialize a POJO String json = JsonSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(someObject); // Create a custom serializer for lax syntax using single quote characters JsonSerializer serializer = JsonSerializer.create().simple().sq().build(); // Clone an existing serializer and modify it to use single-quotes JsonSerializer serializer = JsonSerializer.DEFAULT.builder().sq().build(); // Serialize a POJO to JSON String json = serializer.serialize(someObject);

Default serialization support is provided for Java primitives, Maps, Collections, beans, and arrays. Extensible support for other data types such as Calendars, Dates, Iterators is available through the use of POJO swaps (described later).

The class hierarchy for the serializers (excluding specialized subclasses) are:

2.2 - Parsers

Parsers work by parsing input directly into POJOs instead of having to create intermediate Document Object Models. This allows them to parse input with minimal object creation.

Like the serializers, you can often parse objects in one line of code by using one of the default parsers:

// Use one of the predefined parsers. Parser parser = JsonParser.DEFAULT; // Parse a JSON object as a bean. String json = "{name:'John Smith',age:21}"; Person p = parser.parse(json, Person.class); // Or parse it into a generic Map. Map m1 = parser.parse(json, Map.class); // Parse a JSON string. json = "'foobar'"; String s2 = parser.parse(json, String.class); // Parse a JSON number as a Long or Float. json = "123"; Long l3 = parser.parse(json, Long.class); Float f3 = parser.parse(json, Float.class); // Parse a JSON object as a HashMap<String,Person>. json = "{a:{name:'John Smith',age:21},b:{name:'Joe Smith',age:42}}"; Map<String,Person> m4 = parser.parse(json, HashMap.class, String.class, Person.class) // Parse a JSON object as a HashMap<String,LinkedList<Person>>. json = "{a:[{name:'John Smith',age:21},{name:'Joe Smith',age:42}]}"; Map<String,List<Person>> m5 = parser.parse(json, HashMap.class, String.class, LinkedList.class, Person.class) // Parse a JSON array of integers as a Collection of Integers or int[] array. json = "[1,2,3]"; List<Integer> l6 = parser.parse(json, LinkedList.class, Integer.class); int[] i7 = parser.parse(json, int[].class);

The parsers can also be used to populating existing bean and collection objects:

// Use one of the predefined parsers. Parser parser = JsonParser.DEFAULT; // Populate the properties on an existing bean from a JSON object. String json = "{name:'John Smith',age:21}"; Person p = new Person(); parser.parseIntoBean(json, p); // Populate an existing list from a JSON array of numbers. json = "[1,2,3]"; List<Integer> l2 = new LinkedList<Integer>(); parser.parseIntoCollection(json, l2, Integer.class); // Populate an existing map from a JSON object containing beans. json = "{a:{name:'John Smith',age:21},b:{name:'Joe Smith',age:42}}"; Map<String,Person> m3 = new TreeMap<String,Person>(); parser.parseIntoMap(json, m3, String.class, Person.class);


The class hierarchy for the parsers (excluding specialized subclasses) are:

2.3 - Marshalls

{@link org.apache.juneau.marshall.Marshall Marshalls} are simple pairings of a {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer} and {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser} with convenience methods for serializing and parsing POJOs.

Marshalls are often cleaner to use on-the-fly since they have simplified names.

The following shows the {@link org.apache.juneau.marshall.Json} marshall in action:

Examples:

// Using instance. Json json = new Json(); MyPojo myPojo = json.read(string, MyPojo.class); String string = json.write(myPojo);

// Using DEFAULT instance. MyPojo myPojo = Json.DEFAULT.read(string, MyPojo.class); String string = Json.DEFAULT.write(myPojo);

Marshalls exist for all supported languages:

2.4 - HTTP Part Serializers

There is a separate set of serializers for serializing HTTP parts (query, form-data, headers, path variables, and plain-text request bodies). The distinction is that these are designed to serialize directly to strings based on Open-API schema information.

// Schema information about our part. HttpPartSchema schema = HttpPartSchema .create("array") .collectionFormat("pipes") .items( HttpPartSchema .create("array") .collectionFormat("csv") .items( HttpPartSchema.create("integer","int64") ) ) .build(); // Our value to serialize Object value = new long[][]{{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}}; // Produces "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9" String output = OpenApiSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(HttpPartType.HEADER, schema, value);

The class hierarchy for the part serializers are:

2.5 - HTTP Part Parsers

There is a separate set of parsers for parsing HTTP parts (query, form-data, headers, path variables, and plain-text request bodies). The distinction is that these are designed to parse directly from strings based on Open-API schema information.

// Schema information about our part. HttpPartSchema schema = HttpPartSchema .create("array") .collectionFormat("pipes") .items( HttpPartSchema .create("array") .collectionFormat("csv") .items( HttpPartSchema.create("integer","int64") ) ) .build(); // Our input to parse. String input = "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9"; // Produces "[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] long[][] value = OpenApiParser.DEFAULT.parse(HttpPartType.HEADER, schema, input, long[][].class);

The class hierarchy for the part serializers are:

2.6 - Configurable Properties

Serializers and parsers have a wide variety of configurable properties. They all extend from the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContextBuilder} class that allows you to easily construct new instances from scratch or build upon existing instances. For example, the following code shows how to configure a JSON serializer:

WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer .create() // Create a JsonSerializerBuilder .simple() // Simple mode .ws() // Use whitespace .sq() // Use single quotes .build(); // Create a JsonSerializer

Configurable settings can also be set declaratively. The following produces the same serializer.

WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer .create() .set(JSON_simpleMode, true) .set(SERIALIZER_useWhitespace, true) .set(SERIALIZER_quoteChar, "'") .build();

However, each of the serializers and parsers already contain reusable instances with common configurations. For example, JSON has the following predefined reusable serializers and parsers:

These can be used directly, as follows:

// Serialize a POJO to LAX JSON. String json = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(myPojo);

For performance reasons, serializers and parsers are immutable. However, they can be 'copied' and modified using the builder() method.

// Clone and customize an existing serializer. WriterSerializer s = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT .builder() // Create a new builder with copied settings. .quoteChar('"') // Use a different quote character. .build();

2.6.1 - Common Serializer Properties

All serializers and parsers extend from the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext} class. Therefore, the following properties are common to all serializers and parsers:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanClassVisibility BEAN_beanClassVisibility}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanConstructorVisibility BEAN_beanConstructorVisibility}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanDictionary BEAN_beanDictionary}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanFieldVisibility BEAN_beanFieldVisibility}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanFilters BEAN_beanFilters}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanMapPutReturnsOldValue BEAN_beanMapPutReturnsOldValue}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanMethodVisibility BEAN_beanMethodVisibility}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beansRequireDefaultConstructor BEAN_beansRequireDefaultConstructor}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beansRequireSerializable BEAN_beansRequireSerializable}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beansRequireSettersForGetters BEAN_beansRequireSettersForGetters}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beansRequireSomeProperties BEAN_beansRequireSomeProperties}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanTypePropertyName BEAN_beanTypePropertyName}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_debug BEAN_debug}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_examples BEAN_examples}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_excludeProperties BEAN_excludeProperties}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_fluentSetters BEAN_fluentSetters}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_ignoreInvocationExceptionsOnGetters BEAN_ignoreInvocationExceptionsOnGetters}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_ignoreInvocationExceptionsOnSetters BEAN_ignoreInvocationExceptionsOnSetters}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_ignorePropertiesWithoutSetters BEAN_ignorePropertiesWithoutSetters}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_ignoreUnknownBeanProperties BEAN_ignoreUnknownBeanProperties}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_ignoreUnknownNullBeanProperties BEAN_ignoreUnknownNullBeanProperties}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_implClasses BEAN_implClasses}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_includeProperties BEAN_includeProperties}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_locale BEAN_locale}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_mediaType BEAN_mediaType}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_notBeanClasses BEAN_notBeanClasses}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_notBeanPackages BEAN_notBeanPackages}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_pojoSwaps BEAN_pojoSwaps}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_propertyNamer BEAN_propertyNamer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_sortProperties BEAN_sortProperties}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_timeZone BEAN_timeZone}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_useEnumNames BEAN_useEnumNames}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_useInterfaceProxies BEAN_useInterfaceProxies}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_useJavaBeanIntrospector BEAN_useJavaBeanIntrospector}

2.6.2 - Common Serializer Properties

In addition to the common properties above, the following properties are common to all serializers:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanTraverseContext}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanTraverseContext#BEANTRAVERSE_detectRecursions BEANTRAVERSE_detectRecursions}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanTraverseContext#BEANTRAVERSE_ignoreRecursions BEANTRAVERSE_ignoreRecursions}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanTraverseContext#BEANTRAVERSE_initialDepth BEANTRAVERSE_initialDepth}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanTraverseContext#BEANTRAVERSE_maxDepth BEANTRAVERSE_maxDepth}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_addBeanTypes SERIALIZER_addBeanTypes}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_addRootType SERIALIZER_addRootType}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_listener SERIALIZER_listener}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_sortCollections SERIALIZER_sortCollections}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_sortMaps SERIALIZER_sortMaps}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_trimEmptyCollections SERIALIZER_trimEmptyCollections}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_trimEmptyMaps SERIALIZER_trimEmptyMaps}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_trimNullProperties SERIALIZER_trimNullProperties}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_trimStrings SERIALIZER_trimStrings}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_uriContext SERIALIZER_uriContext}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_uriRelativity SERIALIZER_uriRelativity}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_uriResolution SERIALIZER_uriResolution}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_useWhitespace SERIALIZER_useWhitespace}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.WriterSerializer}
        • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.WriterSerializer#WSERIALIZER_maxIndent WSERIALIZER_maxIndent}
        • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.WriterSerializer#WSERIALIZER_quoteChar WSERIALIZER_quoteChar}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.OutputStreamSerializer}
        • {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.OutputStreamSerializer#OSSERIALIZER_binaryFormat OSSERIALIZER_binaryFormat}

2.6.3 - Common Parser Properties

In addition to the common properties above, the following properties are common to all parsers:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser#PARSER_autoCloseStreams PARSER_autoCloseStreams}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser#PARSER_debugOutputLines PARSER_debugOutputLines}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser#PARSER_listener PARSER_listener}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser#PARSER_strict PARSER_strict}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser#PARSER_trimStrings PARSER_trimStrings}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser#PARSER_unbuffered PARSER_unbuffered}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.ReaderParser}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.ReaderParser#RPARSER_fileCharset RPARSER_fileCharset}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.ReaderParser#RPARSER_inputStreamCharset RPARSER_inputStreamCharset}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.InputStreamParser}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.InputStreamParser#ISPARSER_binaryFormat ISPARSER_binaryFormat}

2.7 - ObjectMap and ObjectList

The {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectMap} and {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectList} classes are generic Java representations of JSON objects and arrays. These classes can be used to create "unstructured" models for serialization (as opposed to "structured" models consisting of beans). If you want to quickly generate JSON/XML/HTML from generic maps/collections, or parse JSON/XML/HTML into generic maps/collections, these classes work well.

These classes extend directly from the following JCF classes:

The ObjectMap and ObjectList classes are very similar to the JSONObject and JSONArray classes found in other libraries. However, the names were chosen because the concepts of Maps and Lists are already familiar to Java programmers, and these classes can be used with any of the serializers or parsers.

These object can be serialized in one of two ways:

  1. Using the provided {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectMap#serializeTo(java.io.Writer)} or {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectList#serializeTo(java.io.Writer)} methods.
  2. Passing them to one of the {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer} serialize methods.
  3. Simply calling the {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectMap#toString()} or {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectList#toString()} methods which will serialize it as Simplified JSON.

Any valid JSON can be parsed into an unstructured model consisting of generic {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectMap} and {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectList} objects. (In theory, any valid XML can also be parsed into an unstructured model, although this has not been officially 'tested')

// Parse an arbitrary JSON document into an unstructered data model // consisting of ObjectMaps, ObjectLists, and java primitive objects. Parser parser = JsonParser.DEFAULT; String json = "{a:{name:'John Smith',age:21},b:{name:'Joe Smith',age:42}}"; ObjectMap m = parser.parse(json, ObjectMap.class); // Use ObjectMap API to extract data from the unstructured model. int johnSmithAge = m.getObjectMap("a").getInt("age"); // Convert it back into JSON. json = JsonSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(m); // Or convert it to XML. String xml = XmlSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(m); // Or just use toString(). json = m.toString();

The ObjectMap and ObjectList classes have many convenience features:

// Convert the map to a bean. MyBean m = objectMap.cast(MyBean.class); // Find entries by multiple keys. MyBean m = objectMap.find(MyBean.class, "key1", "key2"); // Fluent-style appenders. objectMap.append("key1", "val1").append("key2", "val2"); // REST-like functions for manipulating nodes in the data structure using URL-like notation. objectMap.getAt("foo/bar/myBean", MyBean.class); objectMap.putAt("foo/bar/myBean", MyBean.class); objectMap.postAt("foo/bar/myListOfBeans", MyBean.class); objectMap.deleteAt("foo/bar/myBean"); // Copy with inclusion or exclusion. ObjectMap m2 = objectMap.include("key1", "key2", "key3"); ObjectMap m3 = objectMap.exclude("key1", "key2", "key3"); // Serialize using another serializer. String xml = objectMap.serializeTo(XmlSerializer.DEFAULT); // Nested maps. objectMap.setInner(objectMapInner);

2.8 - SerializerGroups and ParserGroups

Above the serializers and parsers are the {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.SerializerGroup} and {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.ParserGroup} classes. These classes allow serializers and parsers to be retrieved by W3C-compliant HTTP Accept and Content-Type values...

// Construct a new serializer group with configuration parameters that get applied to all serializers. SerializerGroup sg = SerializerGroup.create() .append(JsonSerializer.class, UrlEncodingSerializer.class); .ws // or .useWhitespace(true) .pojoSwaps(CalendarSwap.ISO8601DT.class) .build(); // Find the appropriate serializer by Accept type and serialize our POJO to the specified writer. sg.getSerializer("text/invalid, text/json;q=0.8, text/*;q:0.6, *\/*;q=0.0") .serialize(myPersonObject, myWriter); // Construct a new parser group with configuration parameters that get applied to all parsers. ParserGroup pg = ParserGroup.create() .append(JsonSerializer.class, UrlEncodingSerializer.class); .pojoSwaps(CalendarSwap.ISO8601DT.class) .build(); Person p = pg.getParser("text/json").parse(myReader, Person.class);

The REST servlet API builds upon the SerializerGroup and ParserGroup classes to provide annotated REST servlets that automatically negotiate the HTTP media types and allow the developer to work with requests and responses as POJOs.

2.9 - Contexts, Builders, Sessions, and PropertyStores

All the serializers, parsers, and REST server/client classes use the following design pattern:

For example, the class hierarchy for JsonSerializer is:

Each context object in the hierarchy define properties that can be stored in a PropertyStore such as SERIALIZER_useWhitespace or JSON_simpleMode.

The class hierarchy for JsonSerializerBuilder is:

The class hierarchy for JsonSerializerSession is:

The general idea behind a {@link org.apache.juneau.PropertyStore} is to serve as a reusable configuration of an artifact (such as a serializer) such that the artifact can be cached and reused if the property stores are 'equal'.

For example, two serializers of the same type created with the same configuration will always end up being the same serializer:

// Two serializers created with identical configurations will always be the same copy. WriterSerializer s1 = JsonSerializer.create().pojoSwaps(MySwap.class).simple().build(); WriterSerializer s2 = JsonSerializer.create().set(JSON_simpleMode, true).pojoSwaps(MySwap.class).build(); assert(s1 == s2);

This has the effect of significantly improving performance especially if you're creating many serializers and parsers.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.PropertyStoreBuilder} class is used to build up and instantiate immutable PropertyStore objects.

In the example above, the property store being built looks like the following:

PropertyStore ps = PropertyStore .create() .set("BeanContext.pojoSwaps.lc", MySwap.class) .set("JsonSerializer.simpleMode.b", true) .build();

Property stores are immutable, comparable, and their hashcodes are calculated exactly one time. That makes them particularly suited for use as hashmap keys, and thus for caching reusable serializers and parsers.

Refer to the {@link org.apache.juneau.PropertyStore} javadoc for a detailed explaination on how property stores work.

2.10 - Transforms

By default, the Juneau framework can serialize and parse a wide variety of POJOs out-of-the-box. However, two special classes are provided tailor how certain Java objects are handled by the framework. These classes are:

Transforms are added to serializers and parsers (and REST clients) using the following configuration properties:

Annotations are also provided for specifying transforms directly on classes and methods (all described in later sections):

2.10.1 - PojoSwaps

{@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap PojoSwaps} are a critical component of Juneau. They allow the serializers and parsers to handle Java objects that wouldn't normally be serializable.

Swaps are, simply put, 'object swappers' that swap in serializable objects for non-serializable ones during serialization, and vis-versa during parsing.

Some examples of non-serializable POJOs are File, Reader, Iterable, etc... These are classes that aren't beans and cannot be represented as simple maps, collections, or primitives.

In the following example, we introduce a PojoSwap that will swap in ISO8601 strings for Date objects:

// Sample swap for converting Dates to ISO8601 strings. public class MyDateSwap extends PojoSwap<Date,String> { // ISO8601 formatter. private DateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ssZ"); // Converts a Date object to an ISO8601 string. @Override /* PojoSwap */ public String swap(BeanSession session, Date o) { return format.format(o); } // Converts an ISO8601 string to a Date object. @Override /* PojoSwap */ public Date unswap(BeanSession session, String o, ClassMeta hint) throws Exception { return format.parse(o); } }

The swap can then be associated with serializers and parsers like so:

// Sample bean with a Date field. public class MyBean { public Date date = new Date(112, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6); } // Create a new JSON serializer, associate our date swap with it, and serialize a sample bean. WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer.create().simple().pojoSwaps(MyDateSwap.class).build(); String json = s.serialize(new MyBean()); // == "{date:'2012-03-03T04:05:06-0500'}" // Create a JSON parser, associate our date swap with it, and reconstruct our bean (including the date). ReaderParser p = JsonParser.create().pojoSwaps(MyDateSwap.class).build(); MyBean bean = p.parse(json, MyBean.class); int day = bean.date.getDay(); // == 3

The {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanMap#get(Object)} and {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanMap#put(String,Object)} methods will automatically convert to swapped values as the following example shows:

// Create a new bean context and add our swap. BeanContext bc = BeanContext.create().pojoSwaps(MyDateSwap.class).build(); // Create a new bean. MyBean myBean = new MyBean(); // Wrap it in a bean map. BeanMap<Bean> beanMap = bc.forBean(myBean); // Use the get() method to get the date field as an ISO8601 string. String date = (String)beanMap.get("date"); // == "2012-03-03T04:05:06-0500" // Use the put() method to set the date field to an ISO8601 string. beanMap.put("date", "2013-01-01T12:30:00-0500"); // Set it to a new value. // Verify that the date changed on the original bean. int year = myBean.date.getYear(); // == 113

Another example of a PojoSwap is one that converts byte[] arrays to BASE64-encoded strings:

public class ByteArrayBase64Swap extends StringSwap<byte[]> { @Override /* StringSwap */ public String swap(byte[] b) throws Exception { ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); OutputStream b64os = MimeUtility.encode(baos, "base64"); b64os.write(b); b64os.close(); return new String(baos.toByteArray()); } @Override /* StringSwap */ public byte[] unswap(String s, ClassMeta<?> hint) throws Exception { byte[] b = s.getBytes(); ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(b); InputStream b64is = MimeUtility.decode(bais, "base64"); byte[] tmp = new byte[b.length]; int n = b64is.read(tmp); byte[] res = new byte[n]; System.arraycopy(tmp, 0, res, 0, n); return res; } }

The following example shows the BASE64 swap in use:

// Create a JSON serializer and register the BASE64 encoding swap with it. WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer.create().simple().pojoSwaps(ByteArrayBase64Swap.class).build(); ReaderParser p = JsonParser.create().pojoSwaps(ByteArrayBase64Swap.class).build(); byte[] bytes = {1,2,3}; String json = s.serialize(bytes); // Produces "'AQID'" bytes = p.parse(json, byte[].class); // Reproduces {1,2,3} byte[][] bytes2d = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},null}; json = s.serialize(bytes2d); // Produces "['AQID','BAUG',null]" bytes2d = p.parse(json, byte[][].class); // Reproduces {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},null}

Several PojoSwaps are already provided for common Java objects:

In particular, the {@link org.apache.juneau.transforms.CalendarSwap} and {@link org.apache.juneau.transforms.DateSwap} transforms provide a large number of customized swaps to ISO, RFC, or localized strings.

Swaps have access to the session locale and timezone through the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanSession#getLocale()} and {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanSession#getTimeZone()} methods. This allows you to specify localized swap values when needed.

If using the REST server API, the locale and timezone are set based on the Accept-Language and Time-Zone headers on the request.

  • The 'swapped' class type must be a serializable type.
    See the definition for Category 4 objects in {@doc PojoCategories}.

2.10.2 - Per-media-type PojoSwaps

Swaps can also be defined per-media-type.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap#forMediaTypes()} method can be overridden to provide a set of media types that the swap is invoked on. It's also possible to define multiple swaps against the same POJO as long as they're differentiated by media type. When multiple swaps are defined, the best-match media type is used.

In the following example, we define 3 swaps against the same POJO. One for JSON, one for XML, and one for all other types.

public class PojoSwapTest { public static class MyPojo {} public static class MyJsonSwap extends PojoSwap<MyPojo,String> { @Override /* PojoSwap */ public MediaType[] forMediaTypes() { return MediaType.forStrings("*/json"); } @Override /* PojoSwap */ public String swap(BeanSession session, MyPojo o) throws Exception { return "It's JSON!"; } } public static class MyXmlSwap extends PojoSwap<MyPojo,String> { @Override /* PojoSwap */ public MediaType[] forMediaTypes() { return MediaType.forStrings("*/xml"); } @Override /* PojoSwap */ public String swap(BeanSession session, MyPojo o) throws Exception { return "It's XML!"; } } public static class MyOtherSwap extends PojoSwap<MyPojo,String> { @Override /* PojoSwap */ public MediaType[] forMediaTypes() { return MediaType.forStrings("*/*"); } @Override /* PojoSwap */ public String swap(BeanSession session, MyPojo o) throws Exception { return "It's something else!"; } } @Test public void doTest() throws Exception { SerializerGroup g = SerializerGroup.create() .append(JsonSerializer.class, XmlSerializer.class, HtmlSerializer.class) .sq() .pojoSwaps(MyJsonSwap.class, MyXmlSwap.class, MyOtherSwap.class) .build(); MyPojo myPojo = new MyPojo(); String json = g.getWriterSerializer("text/json").serialize(myPojo); assertEquals("'It\\'s JSON!'", json); String xml = g.getWriterSerializer("text/xml").serialize(myPojo); assertEquals("<string>It's XML!</string>", xml); String html = g.getWriterSerializer("text/html").serialize(myPojo); assertEquals("<string>It's something else!</string>", html); } }

When multiple swaps match the same media type, a best-match algorithm is applied to find the correct swap to use.

In later sections we describe how annotations can be used to shorten this syntax:

@Swaps({MyJsonSwap.class,MyXmlSwap.class,MyOtherSwap.class}) public static class MyPojo {} @Swap(mediaTypes="*/json") public static class MyJsonSwap extends PojoSwap<MyPojo,String> {...} @Swap(mediaTypes="*/xml") public static class MyXmlSwap extends PojoSwap<MyPojo,String> {...} @Swap(mediaTypes="*/*") public static class MyOtherSwap extends PojoSwap<MyPojo,String> {...}

2.10.3 - One-way PojoSwaps

In the previous sections, we defined two-way swaps, meaning swaps where the original objects could be reconstructing during parsing. However, there are certain kinds of POJOs that we may want to support for serializing, but that are not possible to reconstruct during parsing. For these, we can use one-way object swaps.

A one-way POJO swap is simply an object transform that only implements the {@code swap()} method. The {@code unswap()} method is simply left unimplemented.

An example of a one-way swaps would be one that allows {@code Iterators} to be serialized as JSON arrays. It can make sense to be able to render {@code Iterators} as arrays, but in general it's not possible to reconstruct an {@code Iterator} during parsing.

public class IteratorSwap extends PojoSwap<Iterator,List> { @Override /* PojoSwap */ public List swap(Iterator o) { List l = new LinkedList(); while (o.hasNext()) l.add(o.next()); return l; } }

Here is an example of our one-way swap being used. Note that trying to parse the original object will cause a {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.ParseException} to be thrown.

// Create a JSON serializer that can serialize Iterators. WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer.create().simple().pojoSwaps(IteratorSwap.class).build(); // Construct an iterator we want to serialize. Iterator i = new ObjectList(1,2,3).iterator(); // Serialize our Iterator String json = s.serialize(i); // Produces "[1,2,3]" // Try to parse it. ReaderParser p = JsonParser.create().pojoSwaps(IteratorSwap.class).build(); i = p.parse(s, Iterator.class); // Throws ParseException!!!

2.10.4 - @Swap Annotation

{@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Swap @Swap} can be used to associate a swap class using an annotation. This is often cleaner than using the builder pojoSwaps() method since you can keep your swap class near your POJO class.

@Swap(MyPojoSwap.class) public class MyPojo { ... } // Sample swap for converting MyPojo classes to a simple string. public class MyPojoSwap extends PojoSwap<MyPojo,String> { @Override /* PojoSwap */ public String swap(BeanSession session, MyPojo o) { return o.toSomeSerializableForm(); } }

Multiple swaps can be associated with a POJO by using the {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Swaps @Swaps} annotation:

@Swaps( { @Swap(MyJsonSwap.class), @Swap(MyXmlSwap.class), @Swap(MyOtherSwap.class) } ) public class MyPojo {}

Readers get serialized directly to the output of a serializer. Therefore it's possible to implement a swap that provides fully-customized output.

public class MyJsonSwap extends PojoSwap<MyPojo,Reader> { public MediaType[] forMediaTypes() { return MediaType.forStrings("*/json"); } public Reader swap(BeanSession session, MyPojo o) throws Exception { return new StringReader("{message:'Custom JSON!'}"); } }

The @Swap annotation can also be used on getters and setters as well to apply a swap to individual property values:

public class MyBean { private MyPojo myPojo; // Swap applied to bean property. @BeanProperty(swap=MyPojoSwap.class) public MyPojo getMyPojo() { return myPojo; } }

When applied to bean properties, the swap annotation need only be applied to either the getter, setter, or field.

The swap annotation can also be applied to the private field of a bean property, like so:

public class MyBean { @BeanProperty(swap=MyPojoSwap.class) private MyPojo myPojo; public MyPojo getMyPojo() { return myPojo; } public MyBean setMyPojo(MyPojo myPojo) { this.myPojo = myPojo; return this; } }

2.10.5 - Templated Swaps

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Swap#template() @Swap(template)} annotation allows you to associate arbitrary contextual strings with swaps. The primary purpose is for providing template names, such as for Apache FreeMarker, therefore the name 'template'. However, the usage of the string is open-ended.

For example, you could pair a template string like so:

@Swap(impl=FreeMarkerSwap.class, template="MyPojo.div.ftl") public class MyPojo {}

The implementation of the FreeMarker swap would look something like this:

// Our templated swap class. public class FreeMarkerSwap extends PojoSwap<Object,Reader> { public MediaType[] forMediaTypes() { // Make sure this only applies to the HTML serializer. return MediaType.forStrings("*/html"); } public Reader swap(BeanSession session, Object o, String template) throws Exception { // Call some method that uses FreeMarker to convert 'o' to raw HTML using // the 'MyPojo.div.ftl' template. return getFreeMarkerReader(template, o); } }

2.10.6 - Swap Methods

Various methods can be defined on a class directly to affect how it gets serialized. This can often be simpler than using PojoSwaps.

Objects serialized as Strings can be parsed back into their original objects by implementing one of the following methods on the class:

  • public static T fromString(String) method.
    Any of the following method names also work:
    • valueOf(String)
    • parse(String)
    • parseString(String)
    • forName(String)
    • forString(String)
  • public T(String) constructor.

Note that these methods cover conversion from several built-in Java types, meaning the parsers can automatically construct these objects from strings:

  • fromString(String) - {@link java.util.UUID}
  • valueOf(String) - {@link java.lang.Boolean}, {@link java.lang.Byte}, {@link java.lang.Double}, {@link java.lang.Float}, {@link java.lang.Integer}, {@link java.lang.Long}, {@link java.lang.Short}, {@link java.sql.Date}, {@link java.sql.Time}, {@link java.sql.Timestamp}
  • parse(String) - {@link java.text.DateFormat}, {@link java.text.MessageFormat}, {@link java.text.NumberFormat}, {@link java.util.Date}, {@link java.util.logging.Level}
  • parseString(String) - {@link javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter}
  • forName(String) - {@link java.lang.Class}

If you want to force a bean-like class to be serialized as a string, you can use the {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanIgnore @BeanIgnore} annotation on the class to force it to be serialized to a string using the toString() method.

Serializing to other intermediate objects can be accomplished by defining a swap method directly on the class:

  • public X swap(BeanSession) method, where X is any serializable object.

The BeanSession parameter allows you access to various information about the current serialization session. For example, you could provide customized results based on the media type being produced ({@link org.apache.juneau.BeanSession#getMediaType()}).

The following example shows how an HTML5 form template object can be created that gets serialized as a populated HTML5 {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.Form} bean.

import static org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.HtmlBuilder.*; /** * A simple HTML form template whose serialized form is an HTML5 Form object. */ public class FormTemplate { private String action; private int value1; private boolean value2; // Some constructor that initializes our fields. public FormTemplate(String action, int value1, boolean value2) { this.action = action; this.value1 = value1; this.value2 = value2; } // Special swap method that converts this template to a serializable bean public Form swap(BeanSession session) { return form(action, input("text").name("v1").value(value1), input("text").name("v2").value(value2) ); } }

Swapped objects can be converted back into their original form by the parsers by specifying one of the following methods:

  • public static T unswap(BeanSession, X) method where X is the swap class type.
  • public T(X) constructor where X is the swap class type.

The following shows how our form template class can be modified to allow the parsers to reconstruct our original object:

import static org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.HtmlBuilder.*; /** * A simple HTML form template whose serialized form is an HTML5 Form object. * This time with parsing support. */ @Bean(beanDictionary=HtmlBeanDictionary.class) public class FormTemplate { private String action; private int value1; private boolean value2; // Our 'unswap' constructor public FormTemplate(Form f) { this.action = f.getAttr("action"); this.value1 = f.getChild(Input.class, 0) .getAttr(int.class, "value"); this.value2 = f.getChild(Input.class, 1) .getAttr(boolean.class, "value"); } public FormTemplate(String action, int value1, boolean value2) { this.action = action; this.value1 = value1; this.value2 = value2; } public Form swap(BeanSession session) { return form(action, input("text").name("v1").value(value1), input("text").name("v2").value(value2) ); } }

2.10.7 - Surrogate Classes

Surrogate classes are very similar in concept to PojoSwaps except they're simpler to define.

For example, let's say we want to be able to serialize the following class, but it's not serializable for some reason (for example, there are no properties exposed):

// Not serializable because it's not a bean because it has no public properties. public class MyNonSerializableClass { protected String foo; }

This could be solved with the following PojoSwap.

// A serializable bean with 1 property. public class MySerializableSurrogate { public String foo; } // A PojoSwap that swaps out our non-serializable object with our serializable object. public class MySwap extends PojoSwap<MyNonSerializableClass,MySerializableSurrogate> { @Override /* PojoSwap */ public MySerializableSurrogate swap(MyNonSerializableClass o) { // Create some serializable class and manually copy the data into it. MySerializableSurrogate s = new MySerializableSurrogate(); s.foo = o.foo; return s; } }

However, the same can be accomplished by using a surrogate class that simply contains a constructor with the non-serializable class as an argument:

public class MySerializableSurrogate { public String foo; // Constructor takes in our non-serializable object! public MySerializableSurrogate(MyNonSerializableClass c) { this.foo = c.foo; } }

The surrogate class is registered in the same way as a PojoSwap:

// Create a JSON serializer that can serialize Iterators. WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer.create().pojoSwaps(MySerializableSurrogate.class).build();

When the serializer encounters the non-serializable class, it will serialize an instance of the surrogate instead.

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.Surrogate}

2.10.8 - @BeanProperty Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean @Bean} annotation is used to tailor how beans are interpreted by the framework.

Bean property inclusion and ordering on a bean class can be done using the {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#properties() @Bean(properties)} annotation.

// Address class with only street/city/state properties (in that order). // All other properties are ignored. @Bean(properties="street,city,state") public class Address { ... }

Bean properties can be excluded using the {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#excludeProperties() @Bean(excludeProperties)} annotation.

// Address class with only street/city/state properties (in that order). // All other properties are ignored. @Bean(excludeProperties="city,state"}) public class Address { ... }

Bean properties can be sorted alphabetically using {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#sort() @Bean(sort)}

// Address class with only street/city/state properties (in that order). // All other properties are ignored. @Bean(sort=true) public class MyBean { ... }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#propertyNamer() @Bean(propertyNamer)} annotation is used to provide customized naming of properties.

Property namers are used to transform bean property names from standard form to some other form. For example, the {@link org.apache.juneau.PropertyNamerDLC} will convert property names to dashed-lowercase, and these will be used as attribute names in JSON and element names in XML.

// Define a class with dashed-lowercase property names. @Bean(propertyNamer=PropertyNamerDashedLC.class) public class MyBean { ... }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#interfaceClass @Bean(interfaceClass)} annotation is used to limit properties on beans to specific interface classes. When specified, only the list of properties defined on the interface class will be used during serialization. Additional properties on subclasses will be ignored.

// Parent class @Bean(interfaceClass=A.class) public abstract class A { public String f0 = "f0"; } // Child class public class A1 extends A { public String f1 = "f1"; } JsonSerializer s = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT; A1 a1 = new A1(); String r = s.serialize(a1); assertEquals("{f0:'f0'}", r); // Note f1 is not serialized.

Note that this annotation can be used on the parent class so that it filters to all child classes. Or can be set individually on the child classes.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#stopClass @Bean(stopClass)} annotation is another way to limit which properties are serialized (except from the opposite direction). It's identical in purpose to the stop class specified by {@link java.beans.Introspector#getBeanInfo(Class, Class)}. Any properties in the stop class or in its base classes will be ignored during analysis.

For example, in the following class hierarchy, instances of C3 will include property p3, but not p1 or p2.

public class C1 { public int getP1(); } public class C2 extends C1 { public int getP2(); } @Bean(stopClass=C2.class) public class C3 extends C2 { public int getP3(); }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#propertyFilter() @Bean(propertyFilter)} annotation and {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PropertyFilter} class can be used to perform interception and inline handling of bean getter and setter calls.

// Register filter on bean class. @Bean(propertyFilter=AddressPropertyFilter.class) public class Address { public String getTaxInfo() {...} public void setTaxInfo(String s) {...} } // Property filter that strips out sensitive information in our bean. public class AddressPropertyFilter extends PropertyFilter { @Override /* PropertyFilter */ public Object readProperty(Object bean, String name, Object value) { if ("taxInfo".equals(name)) return "redacted"; return value; } @Override /* PropertyFilter */ public Object writeProperty(Object bean, String name, Object value) { AddressBook a = (Address)bean; if ("taxInfo".equals(name) && "redacted".equals(value)) return TaxInfoUtils.lookUpByName(a.getStreet(), a.getCity(), a.getState()); return value; } }

2.10.9 - @BeanProperty Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty @BeanProperty} annotation is used to tailor how individual bean properties are interpreted by the framework.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty#name() @BeanProperty(name)} annotation is used to override the name of the bean property.

public class MyBean { @BeanProperty(name="Bar") public String getFoo() {...} }

If the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanFieldVisibility} setting on the bean context excludes this field (e.g. the visibility is set to the default of PUBLIC, but the field is PROTECTED), this annotation can be used to force the field to be identified as a property.

public class MyBean { @BeanProperty protected String getFoo() {...} }

The bean property named "*" is the designated "dynamic property" which allows for "extra" bean properties not otherwise defined. This is similar in concept to the Jackson @JsonGetterAll and @JsonSetterAll annotations, but generalized for all supported marshall languages. The primary purpose is for backwards compatibility in parsing newer streams with addition information into older beans.

The following shows various ways of using dynamic bean properties.

// Option #1 - A simple public Map field. // The field name can be anything. public class BeanWithDynaField { @BeanProperty(name="*") public Map<String,Object> extraStuff = new LinkedHashMap<String,Object>(); } // Option #2 - Getters and setters. // Method names can be anything. // Getter must return a Map with String keys. // Setter must take in two arguments, a String and Object. public class BeanWithDynaMethods { @BeanProperty(name="*") public Map<String,Object> getMyExtraStuff() { ... } @BeanProperty(name="*") public void setAnExtraField(String name, Object value) { ... } } // Option #3 - Getter only. // Properties will be added through the getter. public class BeanWithDynaGetterOnly { @BeanProperty(name="*") public Map<String,Object> getMyExtraStuff() { ... } }

Similar rules apply for value types and swaps. The property values optionally can be any serializable type or use swaps.

// A serializable type other than Object. public class BeanWithDynaFieldWithListValues { @BeanProperty(name="*") public Map<String,List<String>> getMyExtraStuff() { ... } } // A swapped value. public class BeanWithDynaFieldWithSwappedValues { @BeanProperty(name="*", swap=CalendarSwap.ISO8601DTZ.class) public Map<String,Calendar> getMyExtraStuff() { ... } }

  • Note that if you're not interested in these additional properties, you can also use the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_ignoreUnknownBeanProperties} setting to ignore values that don't fit into existing properties.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty#value() @BeanProperty(value)} annotation is a synonym for {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty#name() @BeanProperty(name)}. Use it in cases where you're only specifying a name so that you can shorten your annotation.

The following annotations are equivalent:

@BeanProperty(name="foo") @BeanProperty("foo")

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty#type() @BeanProperty(type)} annotation is used to identify a specialized class type for a generalized property. Normally the type is inferred through reflection of the field type or getter return type. However, you'll want to specify this value if you're parsing beans where the bean property class is an interface or abstract class to identify the bean type to instantiate. Otherwise, you may cause an {@link java.lang.InstantiationException} when trying to set these fields.

This property must denote a concrete class with a no-arg constructor.

public class MyBean { // Identify concrete type as a HashMap. @BeanProperty(type=HashMap.class) public Map p1; }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty#params() @BeanProperty(params)} annotation is for bean properties of type map or collection. It's used to identify the class types of the contents of the bean property object when the general parameter types are interfaces or abstract classes.

public class MyBean { // This is a HashMap<String,Integer>. @BeanProperty(type=HashMap.class, params={String.class,Integer.class}) public Map p1; }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty#properties() @BeanProperty(properties)} annotation is used to limit which child properties are rendered by the serializers. It can be used on any of the following bean property types:

  • Beans - Only render the specified properties of the bean.
  • Maps - Only render the specified entries in the map.
  • Bean/Map arrays - Same, but applied to each element in the array.
  • Bean/Map collections - Same, but applied to each element in the collection.

public class MyClass { // Only render 'f1' when serializing this bean property. @BeanProperty(properties={"f1"}) public MyChildClass x1 = new MyChildClass(); } public class MyChildClass { public int f1 = 1; public int f2 = 2; } // Renders "{x1:{f1:1}}" String json = JsonSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(new MyClass());

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty#format() @BeanProperty(format)} annotation specifies a String format for converting a bean property value to a formatted string.

// Serialize a float as a string with 2 decimal places. @BeanProperty(format="$%.2f") public float price;

2.10.10 - @BeanConstructor Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanConstructor @BeanConstructor} annotation is used to map constructor arguments to property names on bean with read-only properties. Since method parameter names are lost during compilation, this annotation essentially redefines them so that they are available at runtime.

The definition of a read-only bean is a bean with properties with only getters, like shown below:

// Our read-only bean. public class Person { private final String name; private final int age; @BeanConstructor(properties="name,age"}) public Person(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } // Read only properties. // Getters, but no setters. public String getName() { return name; } public int getAge() { return age; } }

// Parsing into a read-only bean. String json = "{name:'John Smith',age:45}"; Person p = JsonParser.DEFAULT.parse(json); String name = p.getName(); // "John Smith" int age = p.getAge(); // 45

Beans can also be defined with a combination of read-only and read-write properties.

2.10.11 - @BeanIgnore Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanIgnore @BeanIgnore} annotation is used to ignore classes, fields, and methods from being interpreted as beans or bean components.

When applied to classes, objects will be converted to strings even though they look like beans.

// Not really a bean! Use toString() instead! @BeanIgnore public class MyBean {...}

When applied to fields and getters/setters, they will be ignored as bean properties.

public class MyBean { // Not a bean property! @BeanIgnore public String foo; // Not a bean property! @BeanIgnore public String getBar() {...} }

2.10.12 - @NameProperty Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.NameProperty @NameProperty} annotation is used to identify a setter as a method for setting the name of a POJO as it's known by its parent object.

A commonly-used case is when you're parsing a JSON map containing beans where one of the bean properties is the key used in the map.

// JSON { id1: {name: 'John Smith', sex: 'M'}, id2: {name: 'Jane Doe', sex: 'F'} }

public class Person { @NameProperty public String id; // Value gets assigned from object key public String name; public char sex; }

2.10.13 - @ParentProperty Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.ParentProperty @ParentProperty} annotation is used to identify a setter as a method for adding a parent reference to a child object.

A commonly-used case is when you're parsing beans and a child bean has a reference to a parent bean.

public class AddressBook { public List<Person> people; } public class Person { @ParentProperty public AddressBook addressBook; // A reference to the containing address book. public String name; public char sex; }

Parsers will automatically set this field for you in the child beans.

2.10.14 - POJO Builders

Juneau parsers can use builders to instantiate POJOs. This is useful in cases where you want to create beans with read-only properties. Note that while it's possible to do this using the {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanConstructor @BeanConstructor} annotation, using builders can often be cleaner.

A typical builder usage is shown below:

MyBean b = MyBean.create().foo("foo").bar(123).build();

The code for such a builder is shown below:

public class MyBean { // Read-only properties. public final String foo; public final int bar; // Private constructor. private MyBean(MyBeanBuilder b) { this.foo = b.foo; this.bar = b.bar; } // Static method that creates a builder. public static MyBeanBuilder create() { return new MyBeanBuilder(); } // Builder class. public static class MyBeanBuilder { private String foo; private int bar; // Method that creates the bean. public MyBean build() { return new MyBean(this); } // Bean property setters. @BeanProperty public MyBeanBuilder foo(String foo) { this.foo = foo; return this; } @BeanProperty public MyBeanBuilder bar(int bar) { this.bar = bar; return this; } } }

The POJO class can be any type including beans. Builders MUST be beans with one or more writable properties. The bean properties themselves do not need to be readable (i.e. getters are optional).

Builders require two parts:

  1. A way to detect and instantiate a builder using reflection.
  2. A way to instantiate a POJO from a builder.

The first can be accomplished through any of the following:

  • A static create() method on the POJO class that returns a builder instance.

    public static MyBuilder create() {...}

  • A public constructor on the POJO class that takes in a single parameter that implements the {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.Builder} interface.
    The builder class must have a public no-arg constructor.

    public MyPojo(MyBuilder b) {...}

  • A {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Builder @Builder} annotation on the POJO class.
    The builder class must have a public no-arg constructor.

    @Builder(MyBuilder.class) public class MyPojo {...}

The second can be accomplished through any of the following:

  • The existence of a build() method on the builder class.

    public MyPojo build() {...}

  • The existence of a public constructor on the POJO class that takes in the builder instance.

    public MyPojo(MyBuilder b) {...}

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Builder}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.Builder}

2.10.15 - BeanFilter Class

The {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.BeanFilter} class is the programmatic equivalent to the {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean @Bean} annotation.

In practice, it's usually simpler to use the {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean @Bean} and {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty @BeanProperty} annotations on your bean classes. However, bean filters make it possible to accomplish the same when you can't add annotations to existing code.

Bean filters are defined through {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.BeanFilterBuilder BeanFilterBuilders}.

In the previous examples, we defined this bean annotation:

@Bean(properties="street,city,state") public class Address { ... }

The programmatic equivalent would be:

public class AddressFilter extends BeanFilterBuilder<Address> { // Must provide a no-arg constructor! public AddressFilter() { includeProperties("street,city,state"); // The properties we want exposed. } }

Bean filters are added to serializers and parsers using the following:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanFilters}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContextBuilder#beanFilters(Object...)}

For example:

// Create a new JSON serializer and associate a bean filter with it. WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer .create() .beanFilters(AddressFilter.class) .build();

Note that if you use the annotation, you do NOT need to set anything on the serializers/parsers. The annotations will be detected and bean filters will automatically be created for them.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContextBuilder#beanFilters(Object...)} method also allows you to pass in interfaces. Any class that's not a subclass of {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.BeanFilterBuilder} get interpreted as bean interface classes. These cause bean implementations of those interfaces to only expose the properties defined on the interface.

// An interface with the 3 properties we want serialized. public interface AddressInterface { public String getStreet(); public String getCity(); public String getState(); } // Our bean implementation. public class Address implements AddressInterface { public String getStreet() {...}; public String getCity() {...}; public String getState() {...}; public String getCountry() {...}; } // Create a new JSON serializer that only exposes street,city,state on Address bean. // The 'country' field will be ignored. WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer .create() .beanFilters(AddressInterface.class) .build();

2.10.16 - Interface Filters

Occasionally, you may want to limit bean properties to only those defined on a parent class or interface. This is accomplished through interface filters.

Interface filters are defined through the following:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanFilters}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#interfaceClass() Bean(interfaceClass)}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.BeanFilterBuilder#interfaceClass(Class)}

For example, let's define the following interface and implementation:

// Interface public class MyInterface { public String getFoo(); } // Implementation public class MyInterfaceImpl implements MyInterface { public String getFoo() {...} public String getBar() {...} }

Suppose we only want to render the properties defined on our interface, not the implementation. To do so, we can define the following bean filter:

// Define transform that limits properties to only those defined on MyClass public class MyInterfaceFilter extends BeanFilter<MyInterface> { public MyInterfaceFilter() { interfaceClass(MyInterface.class); } }

When serialized, the serialized bean will only include properties defined on the interface.

WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer .create() .simple() .beanFilters(MyInterfaceFilter.class) .build(); MyInterface o = new MyInterfaceImpl(); // Prints "{foo:'foo'}" // bar is ignored because it's not on the interface String json = s.serialize(o);

The {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContextBuilder#beanFilters(Object...)} method will automatically interpret any non-BeanFilter classes passed in as meaning interface classes. So in the previous example, the BeanFilter class could have been avoided altogether by just passing in MyInterface.class to the serializer, like so:

WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer .create() .beanFilters(MyInterface.class) Shortcut! .build();

The annotation equivalent is {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#interfaceClass() Bean#interfaceClass()}.

@Bean(interfaceClass=MyInterface.class) public class MyInterfaceImpl implements MyInterface { public String getFoo() {...} public String getBar() {...} }

The annotation can be used in a couple of ways.

Using the annotation on an interface will be inherited by all children.

@Bean(interfaceClass=MyInterface.class) public class MyInterface { public String getFoo(); }

The annotation can be used on parent classes as well. Child beans will only serialize properties defined on the parent class.

@Bean(interfaceClass=MyAbstractClass.class) public abstract class MyAbstractClass { public String getFoo() {...}; }

2.10.17 - Stop Classes

Whereas interface filters limit properties defined on child classes, stop filters do the opposite and limit properties defined on parent classes.

Stop classes are defined through the following:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#stopClass() Bean(stopClass)}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.BeanFilterBuilder#stopClass(Class)}

Stop classes are identical in purpose to the stop class specified by {@link java.beans.Introspector#getBeanInfo(Class, Class)}. Any properties in the stop class or in its base classes will be ignored during serialization.

For example, in the following class hierarchy, instances of C3 will include property p3, but not p1 or p2.

public class C1 { public int getP1(); } public class C2 extends C1 { public int getP2(); } @Bean(stopClass=C2.class) public class C3 extends C2 { public int getP3(); } // Serializes property 'p3', but NOT 'p1' or 'p2'. String json = JsonSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(new C3());

2.10.18 - Bypass Serialization using Readers and InputStreams

Juneau serializers treat instances of Readers and InputStreams special by simply serializing their contents directly to the output stream or writer. This allows you to embed fully customized serializer output.

public class MyBean { // A bean property that produces raw JSON. public Reader f1 = new StringReader("{'foo':'bar'}"); } // Produces "{f1:{'foo':'bar'}}" String json = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT .toString(new MyBean());

Note that if you're serializing Readers and InputStreams, it's up to you to make sure you're producing valid output (in this case JSON).

A more typical scenario where this is useful is by using swaps to convert POJOs to Readers whose contents are determined via the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanSession#getMediaType()} method. In the following example, we're customizing the JSON output for a particular bean type, but leaving all other renditions as-is:

@Swap(MyBeanSwapSometimes.class) public class MyBean {...} // A swap that produces specialized output for JSON, but default serialization for // all other media types. public class MyBeanSwapSometimes extends PojoSwap<MyBean,Object> { public Object swap(BeanSession session, MyPojo o) throws Exception { MediaType mt = session.getMediaType(); if (mt.hasSubType("json")) return new StringReader("{myPojo:'foobar'}"); // Custom JSON output return o; // Otherwise serialize it as a normal bean } }

  • Due to the nature of the RDF serializers, Readers and InputStreams are serialized as literals, not as RDF text. This is due to the fact that the RDF serializers use a DOM for serialization, so we don't have access to the underlying stream.

2.11 - Bean Names and Dictionaries

While parsing into beans, Juneau attempts to determine the class types of bean properties through reflection on the bean property getter or setter. Often this is insufficient if the property type is an interface or abstract class that cannot be instantiated. This is where bean names and dictionaries come into play.

Bean names and dictionaries are used for identifying class types when they cannot be inferred through reflection.

Bean classes are given names through the {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#typeName() @Bean(typeName)} annotation. These names are then added to the serialized output as virtual "_type" properties (or element names in XML).

On the parsing side, these type names are resolved to classes through the use of bean dictionaries.

For example, if a bean property is of type Object, then the serializer will add "_type" attributes so that the class can be determined during parsing.

@Bean(typeName="foo") public class Foo { // A bean property where the object types cannot be inferred since it's an Object[]. @BeanProperty(beanDictionary={Bar.class,Baz.class}) public Object[] x = new Object[]{new Bar(), new Baz()}; } @Bean(typeName="bar") public class Bar {} @Bean(typeName="baz") public class Baz {}

When serialized as JSON, "_type" attributes would be added when needed to infer the type during parsing:

{ x: [ {_type:'bar'}, {_type:'baz'} ] }

Type names can be represented slightly differently in different languages. For example, the dictionary name is used as element names when serialized to XML. This allows the typeName annotation to be used as a shortcut for defining element names for beans.

When serialized as XML, the bean is rendered as:

<foo> <x> <bar/> <baz/> </x> </foo>

Bean dictionaries are registered through the following:

The bean dictionary setting can consist of any of the following types:

// Create a parser and tell it which classes to try to resolve. ReaderParser p = JsonParser .create() .beanDictionary(Foo.class, Bar.class) .build(); // Same, but use property. ReaderParser p = JsonParser .create() .addTo(BEAN_beanDictionary, Foo.class) .addTo(BEAN_beanDictionary, Bar.class) .build(); // Use the predefined HTML5 bean dictionary which is a BeanDictionaryList. ReaderParser p = HtmlParser .create() .beanDictionary(HtmlBeanDictionary.class) .build();

The "_type" property name can be overridden through the following:

When using the annotation, you'll typically want to define it on an interface class so that it can be inherited by all subclasses.

@Bean(typePropertyName="mytype", beanDictionary={MyClass1.class,MyClass2.class}) public interface MyInterface {...} @Bean(typeName="C1") public class MyClass1 implements MyInterface {...} @Bean(typeName="C2") public class MyClass2 implements MyInterface {...} MyInterface[] x = new MyInterface[]{ new MyClass1(), new MyClass2() }; // Produces "[{mytype:'C1',...},{mytype:'C2',...}]" String json = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(x);

2.11.1 - Bean Subtypes

In addition to the bean type name support described above, simplified support is provided for bean subtypes.

Bean subtypes are similar in concept to bean type names, except for the following differences:

  • You specify the list of possible subclasses through an annotation on a parent bean class.
  • You do not need to register the subtype classes on the bean dictionary of the parser.

In the following example, the abstract class has two subclasses:

// Abstract superclass @Bean( beanDictionary={A1.class, A2.class} ) public abstract class A { public String f0 = "f0"; } // Subclass 1 @Bean(typeName="A1") public class A1 extends A { public String f1; } // Subclass 2 @Bean(typeName="A2") public class A2 extends A { public String f2; }

When serialized, the subtype is serialized as a virtual "_type" property:

JsonSerializer s = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT; A1 a1 = new A1(); a1.f1 = "f1"; String r = s.serialize(a1); assertEquals("{_type:'A1',f1:'f1',f0:'f0'}", r);

The following shows what happens when parsing back into the original object.

JsonParser p = JsonParser.DEFAULT; A a = p.parse(r, A.class); assertTrue(a instanceof A1);

2.12 - Virtual Beans

The {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_useInterfaceProxies} setting (enabled by default) allows the Juneau parsers to parse content into virtual beans (bean interfaces without implementation classes).

For example, the following code creates an instance of the specified unimplemented interface:

// Our unimplemented interface public interface Address { String getStreet(); void setStreet(String x); String getCity(); void setCity(String x); StateEnum getState(); void setState(StateEnum x); int getZip(); void setZip(int zip); } // Our code Address address = JsonParser.DEFAULT.parse( "{street:'123 Main St', city:'Anywhere', state:'PR', zip:12345}", Address.class ); int zip = address.getZip(); address.setState(StateEnum.NY);

Getter and setter values can be any {@doc PojoCategories parsable} values, even other virtual beans.

Under-the-covers, a virtual bean is simply a proxy interface on top of an existing BeanMap instance. From a programmatic point-of-view, they're indistinguishable from real beans, and can be manipulated and serialized like any other bean.

Virtual beans can also be created programmatically using the BeanContext class:

Address address = BeanContext.DEFAULT.createSession().newBean(Address.class);

2.13 - Non-Tree Models and Recursion Detection

The Juneau Serializer API is designed to be used against POJO tree structures. It expects that there not be loops in the POJO model (e.g. children with references to parents, etc...). If you try to serialize models with loops, you will usually cause a StackOverflowError to be thrown (if {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanTraverseContext#BEANTRAVERSE_maxDepth} is not reached first).

If you still want to use the Juneau serializers on such models, Juneau provides the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanTraverseContext#BEANTRAVERSE_detectRecursions} setting. It tells the serializer to look for instances of an object in the current branch of the tree and skip serialization when a duplicate is encountered.

For example, let's make a POJO model out of the following classes:

public class A { public B b; } public class B { public C c; } public class C { public A a; }

Now we create a model with a loop and serialize the results.

// Clone an existing serializer and set property for detecting recursions. JsonSerializer s = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT_READABLE.builder().detectRecursions(true).build(); // Create a recursive loop. A a = new A(); a.b = new B(); a.b.c = new C(); a.b.c.a = a; // Serialize to JSON. String json = s.serialize(a);

What we end up with is the following, which does not serialize the contents of the c field:

{ b: { c: { } } }

Without recursion detection enabled, this would cause a stack-overflow error.

Recursion detection introduces a performance penalty of around 20%. For this reason the setting is disabled by default.

2.14 - Parsing into Generic Models

The Juneau parsers are not limited to parsing back into the original bean classes. If the bean classes are not available on the parsing side, the parser can also be used to parse into a generic model consisting of Maps, Collections, and primitive objects.

You can parse into any Map type (e.g. HashMap, TreeMap), but using {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectMap} is recommended since it has many convenience methods for converting values to various types. The same is true when parsing collections. You can use any Collection (e.g. HashSet, LinkedList) or array (e.g. Object[], String[], String[][]), but using {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectList} is recommended.

When the map or list type is not specified, or is the abstract Map, Collection, or List types, the parser will use ObjectMap and ObjectList by default.

For example, given the following JSON:

{ id: 1, name: 'John Smith', uri: 'http://sample/addressBook/person/1', addressBookUri: 'http://sample/addressBook', birthDate: '1946-08-12T00:00:00Z', addresses: [ { uri: 'http://sample/addressBook/address/1', personUri: 'http://sample/addressBook/person/1', id: 1, street: '100 Main Street', city: 'Anywhereville', state: 'NY', zip: 12345, isCurrent: true } ] }

We can parse this into a generic ObjectMap:

// Parse JSON into a generic POJO model. ObjectMap m = JsonParser.DEFAULT.parse(json, ObjectMap.class); // Convert it back to JSON. String json = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT_READABLE.serialize(m);

What we end up with is the exact same output. Even the numbers and booleans are preserved because they are parsed into Number and Boolean objects when parsing into generic models.

{ id: 1, name: 'John Smith', uri: 'http://sample/addressBook/person/1', addressBookUri: 'http://sample/addressBook', birthDate: '1946-08-12T00:00:00Z', addresses: [ { uri: 'http://sample/addressBook/address/1', personUri: 'http://sample/addressBook/person/1', id: 1, street: '100 Main Street', city: 'Anywhereville', state: 'NY', zip: 12345, isCurrent: true } ] }

Once parsed into a generic model, various convenience methods are provided on the ObjectMap and ObjectList classes to retrieve values:

// Parse JSON into a generic POJO model. ObjectMap m = JsonParser.DEFAULT.parse(json, ObjectMap.class); // Get some simple values. String name = m.getString("name"); int id = m.getInt("id"); // Get a value convertable from a String. URI uri = m.get(URI.class, "uri"); // Get a value using a swap. CalendarSwap swap = new CalendarSwap.ISO8601DTZ(); Calendar birthDate = m.get(swap, "birthDate"); // Get the addresses. ObjectList addresses = m.getObjectList("addresses"); // Get the first address and convert it to a bean. Address address = addresses.get(Address.class, 0);

As a general rule, parsing into beans is often more efficient than parsing into generic models. And working with beans is often less error prone than working with generic models.

2.15 - Reading Continuous Streams

The following parsers can be configured to read continuous streams of objects from the same input stream:

The {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonParser} and {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonParser} classes can read continuous streams by using the {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser#PARSER_unbuffered PARSER_unbuffered} setting. This prevents the parsers from using an internal buffer that would read past the end of the currently parsed POJO.

Examples:

// If you're calling parse on the same input multiple times, use a session instead of the parser directly. ReaderParserSession p = JsonParser.create().unbuffered().build().createSession(); Object x; Reader r; r = new StringReader("{foo:'bar'}{baz:'qux'}"); x = p.parse(r, ObjectMap.class); // {foo:'bar'} x = p.parse(r, ObjectMap.class); // {baz:'qux'} r = reader("[123][456]"); x = p.parse(r, int[].class); // [123] x = p.parse(r, int[].class); // [456]

Note that this isn't perfect in all cases since you can't combine two JSON numbers into a single reader (e.g. "123" + "456" = "123456").

For obvious reasons, do not use the following properties when reading continuous streams:

The {@link org.apache.juneau.msgpack.MsgPackParser} class doesn't use any internal buffering to begin with, so it can be used with continuous streams without any special properties.

2.16 - URIs

Juneau serializers have sophisticated support for transforming relative URIs to absolute form.

The classes and settings that control the behavior are:

The following example shows a bean containing URIs of various forms and how they end up serialized.

// Our bean with properties containing various kinds of URIs. public class TestURIs { public URI f1a = URI.create("http://www.apache.org/f1a"), f1b = URI.create("/f1b"), f1c = URI.create("/f1c/x/y"), f1d = URI.create("f1d"), f1e = URI.create("f1e/x/y"), f1f = URI.create(""), f2a = URI.create("context:/f2a/x"), f2b = URI.create("context:/f2b"), f2c = URI.create("context:/"), f2d = URI.create("context:/.."), f3a = URI.create("servlet:/f3a/x"), f3b = URI.create("servlet:/f3b"), f3c = URI.create("servlet:/"), f3d = URI.create("servlet:/.."), f4a = URI.create("request:/f4a/x"), f4b = URI.create("request:/f4b"), f4c = URI.create("request:/"), f4d = URI.create("request:/..");; } // Create a serializer. WriterSerializer s = JsonSerializer create() .simple() .uriContext("{authority:'http://foo.com:123',contextRoot:'/myContext',servletPath:'/myServlet',pathInfo:'/myPath'}") .uriResolution(ABSOLUTE) .uriRelativity(RESOURCE) .build(); // Produces: // { // f1a:'http://www.apache.org/f1a', // f1b:'http://foo.com:123/f1b', // f1c:'http://foo.com:123/f1c/x/y', // f1d:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/f1d', // f1e:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/f1e/x/y', // f1f:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet', // f2a:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/f2a/x', // f2b:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/f2b', // f2c:'http://foo.com:123/myContext', // f2d:'http://foo.com:123' // f3a:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/f3a/x', // f3b:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/f3b', // f3c:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet', // f3d:'http://foo.com:123/myContext', // f4a:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/myPath/f4a/x', // f4b:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/myPath/f4b', // f4c:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/myPath', // f4d:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet' // } String json = s.serialize(new TestURIs());

URI resolution is controlled by the following settings:

Juneau automatically interprets any {@link java.net.URL} and {@link java.net.URI} objects as URIs and will resolve them accordingly. The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.URI @URI} annotation can be used to extend that to other bean properties and class types so that they also get interpreted as URIs. For example:

// Applied to a class whose toString() method returns a URI. @URI public class MyURI { @Override /* Object */ public String toString() { return "http://localhost:9080/foo/bar"; } } // Applied to bean properties public class MyBean { @URI public String beanUri; @URI public String getParentUri() { ... } }

2.17 - Comparison with Jackson

Juneau was developed independently from Jackson, but shares many of the same features and capabilities. Whereas Jackson was created to work primarily with JSON, Juneau was created to work for multiple languages. Therefore, the terminology and annotations in Juneau are similar, but language-agnostic.

The following charts describe equivalent features between the two libraries:

Annotations
JacksonJuneau
@JsonGetter
@JsonSetter
{@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty @BeanProperty}
@JsonAnyGetter
@JsonAnySetter
{@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty#name() @BeanProperty(name="*")}
@JsonIgnore
@JsonIgnoreType
{@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanIgnore @BeanIgnore}
@JsonIgnoreProperties({...}) {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#excludeProperties @Bean(excludeProperties="...")}
@JsonAutoDetect(fieldVisibility=...) No equivalent annotation, but can be controlled via:
{@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanFieldVisibility}
{@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_beanMethodVisibility}
Future annotation support planned.
@JsonCreator
@JsonProperty
{@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanConstructor @BeanConstructor}
@JacksonInject No equivalent.
Future support planned.
@JsonSerialize
@JsonDeserialize
Juneau uses swaps to convert non-serializable object to serializable forms:
{@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Swap @Swap}
@JsonInclude No equivalent annotation, but can be controlled via various settings:
{@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext}
{@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer}
Future annotation support planned.
@JsonPropertyOrder {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#properties @Bean(properties="...")}
{@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#sort @Bean(sort=x)}
@JsonValue
@JsonRawValue
Can be replicated using swaps with Reader swapped values.

2.18 - POJO Categories

The following chart shows POJOs categorized into groups and whether they can be serialized or parsed:

General POJO serialization/parsing support
GroupDescriptionExamplesCan
serialize?
Can
parse?
1 Java primitives and primitive objects
  • {@code String}
  • {@code Integer}
  • {@code Float}
  • {@code Boolean}
yes yes
2 Java Collections Framework objects and Java arrays      
2a With standard keys/values
Map keys are group [1, 4a, 6a] objects.
Map, Collection, and array values are group [1, 2, 3ac, 4a, 6a] objects.
  • HashSet<String,Integer>
  • TreeMap<Integer,Bean>
  • List<int[][]>
  • Bean[]
yes yes
2b With non-standard keys/values
Map keys are group [2, 3, 4b, 5, 6b, 7] objects.
Map, Collection, and array values are group [3b, 4b, 5, 6b, 7] objects.
  • HashSet<Bean,Integer>
  • TreeMap<Integer,Reader>
yes no
3 Java Beans      
3a With standard properties
These are beans that have one or more properties defined by public getter or public fields.
Properties can also be defined as final read-only fields and passed in as constructor args.
Property values are group [1, 2, 3ac, 4a, 6a] objects.
  yes yes
3b With non-standard properties or not true beans
These include true beans that have one or more properties defined by getter and setter methods or properties, but property types include group [3b, 4b, 5, 6b, 7] objects.
This also includes classes that look like beans but aren't true beans. For example, classes that have getters but not setters, or classes without no-arg constructors.
  yes no
3c Virtual beans
These are unimplemented bean interfaces with properties of type [1, 2, 3ac, 4a, 6a] objects.
Parsers will automatically create interface proxies on top of BeanMap instances.
  yes yes
3d Read-only beans without setters
The same as 3a, but without property setters or constructor args.
  yes no
4 Swapped objects
These are objects that are not directly serializable, but have {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap PojoSwaps} associated with them. The purpose of a POJO swap is to convert an object to another object that is easier to serialize and parse. For example, the {@link org.apache.juneau.transforms.DateSwap.ISO8601DT} class can be used to serialize {@link java.util.Date} objects to ISO8601 strings, and parse them back into {@link java.util.Date} objects.
     
4a 2-way swapped to group [1, 2a, 3ac] objects
For example, a swap that converts a {@code Date} to a {@code String}.
  • java.util.Date
  • java.util.GregorianCalendar
yes yes
4b 1-way swapped to group [1, 2, 3] objects
For example, a swap that converts an {@code Iterator} to a {@code List}. This would be one way, since you cannot reconstruct an {@code Iterator}.
  • java.util.Iterator
yes no
5 Readers and InputStreams
Contents are serialized directly to the output stream or writer.
Typically used for low-level language-specific replacement of POJOs using per-Media-Type POJO swaps.
  • {@code FileInputStream}
  • {@code StringReader}
yes no
6 Non-serializable objects with standard methods for converting to a serializable form
     
6a Classes with a method that converts it to a serializable form:
  • public X swap(BeanSession); where X is in groups [1, 2a, 3ac].
  • public String toString(); where the string is any meaningful data.
And a method that converts it back into the original object:
  • public static T fromString(String);
  • public static T valueOf(String);
  • public static T parse(String);
  • public static T parseString(String);
  • public static T forName(String);
  • public static T forString(String);
  • public T(X); where X is in groups [1, 2a, 3ac].
  • public static T unswap(BeanSession,X); where X is in groups [1, 2a, 3ac].
  • java.lang.Class
  • java.sql.Time
  • java.sql.Timestamp
  • java.text.MessageFormat
  • java.text.NumberFormat
  • java.util.Date
  • java.util.UUID
  • java.util.logging.Level
  • javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter
yes yes
6b Classes that only have a method to convert to a serializable form:
  • public X swap(BeanSession); where X is in groups [1, 2, 3].
  • public String toString(); where the string is any meaningful data.
  yes no
7 All other objects
Anything that doesn't fall into one of the groups above are simply converted to {@code Strings} using the {@code toString()} method.
  yes no
POJOs convertible to/from Strings

A separate category exists for POJOs that can be converted to and from Strings. These are used in places such as:

As a general rule, all POJOs are converted to Strings using the toString() method. However, there is one exception:

POJOs are convertible from Strings using any of the following (matched in the specified order):

Exceptions exist for the following classes:

POJOs convertible to/from other types

POJOs are also converted to various other types in places such as the Open-API serializers and parsers. In this section, the type being converted to will be referred to as X.

POJOs are considered convertible from X if it has any of the following (matched in the specified order):

POJOs are considered convertible from X if any of the reverse of above are true.

2.19 - JSON Details

Juneau supports converting arbitrary POJOs to and from JSON using ultra-efficient serializers and parsers. The JSON serializer converts POJOs directly to JSON without the need for intermediate DOM objects using a highly-efficient state machine. Likewise, the JSON parser creates POJOs directly from JSON without the need for intermediate DOM objects.

The following example shows JSON for a typical bean:

Sample Beans

public class Person { // Bean properties public String name; @Swap(CalendarSwap.ISO8601DTZ.class) public Calendar birthDate; public List<Address> addresses; // Getters/setters omitted } public class Address { // Bean properties public String street, city; public StateEnum state; public int zip; public boolean isCurrent; // Getters/setters omitted }

Sample Code

Person p = new Person() .name("John Smith") .birthDate("1946-08-12T00:00:00Z") .addresses( new Address() .street("100 Main Street") .city("Anywhereville") .state(NY) .zip(12345) .isCurrent(true); );

Normal JSON

{ "name": "John Smith", "birthDate": "1946-08-12T00:00:00Z", "addresses": [ { "street": "100 Main Street", "city": "Anywhereville", "state": "NY", "zip": 12345, "isCurrent": true } ] }

Simplified JSON

{ name: 'John Smith', birthDate: '1946-08-12T00:00:00Z', addresses: [ { street: '100 Main Street', city: 'Anywhereville', state: 'NY', zip: 12345, isCurrent: true } ] }

2.19.1 - JSON Methodology

The JSON data type produced depends on the Java object type being serialized.

  • Primitives and primitive objects are converted to JSON primitives.
  • Beans and Maps are converted to JSON objects.
  • Collections and arrays are converted to JSON arrays.
  • Anything else is converted to JSON strings.
Data type conversions:
POJO type JSON type Example Serialized form
String String serialize("foobar"); 'foobar'
Number Number serialize(123); 123
Boolean Boolean serialize(true); true
Null Null serialize(null); null
Beans with properties of any type on this list Object serialize(new MyBean()); {p1:'val1',p2:true}
Maps with values of any type on this list Object serialize(new TreeMap()); {key1:'val1',key2:true}
Collections and arrays of any type on this list Array serialize(new Object[]{1,"foo",true}); [1,'foo',true]

In addition, swaps can be used to convert non-serializable POJOs into serializable forms, such as converting Calendar object to ISO8601 strings, or byte[] arrays to Base-64 encoded strings.

2.19.2 - JSON Serializers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer} class is used to serialize POJOs into JSON.

The JSON serializer provides the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer#JSON_addBeanTypes JSON_addBeanTypes}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer#JSON_escapeSolidus JSON_escapeSolidus}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer#JSON_simpleMode JSON_simpleMode}

The following pre-configured serializers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer#DEFAULT_READABLE DEFAULT_READABLE}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.SimpleJsonSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.SimpleJsonSerializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.SimpleJsonSerializer#DEFAULT_READABLE DEFAULT_READABLE}

2.19.3 - Simplified JSON

The {@link org.apache.juneau.json.SimpleJsonSerializer} class can be used to serialized POJOs into Simplified JSON notation.

Simplified JSON is identical to JSON except for the following:

  • JSON attributes are only quoted when necessary.
  • Uses single-quotes for quoting.
Examples:

// Some free-form JSON. ObjectMap m = new ObjectMap() .append("foo", "x1") .append("_bar", "x2") .append(" baz ", "x3") .append("123", "x4") .append("return", "x5"); .append("", "x6");

// Serialized to standard JSON { "foo": "x1", "_bar": "x2", " baz ": "x3", "123": "x4", "return": "x5", "": "x6" }

// Serialized to simplified JSON { foo: 'x1', _bar: 'x2', ' baz ': 'x3', // Quoted due to embedded spaces. '123': 'x4', // Quoted to prevent confusion with number. 'return': 'x5', // Quoted because it's a keyword. '': 'x6' // Quoted because it's an empty string. }

The advantage to simplified JSON is you can represent it in a Java String in minimal form with minimal escaping. This is particularly useful in cases such as unit testing where you can easily validate POJOs by simplifying them to Simplified JSON and do a simple string comparison.

WriterSerializer ws = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT; assertEquals("{foo:'bar',baz:123}", ws.toString(myPojo));

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer#JSON_simpleMode}

2.19.4 - JSON Parsers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonParser} class is used to parse JSON into POJOs.

The JSON parser provides the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonParser#JSON_validateEnd JSON_validateEnd}

The following pre-configured parsers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonParser#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonParser#DEFAULT_STRICT DEFAULT_STRICT}

The JSON parser supports ALL valid JSON, including:

  • Javascript comments.
  • Single or double quoted values.
  • Quoted (strict) or unquoted (non-strict) attributes.
  • JSON fragments (such as string, numeric, or boolean primitive values).
  • Concatenated strings.

2.19.5 - @Json Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.json.annotation.Json @Json} annotation is used to override the behavior of {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer} on individual bean classes or properties.

The annotation can be applied to beans as well as other objects serialized to other types (e.g. strings).

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.annotation.Json}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.json.annotation.Json#wrapperAttr() wrapperAttr}

The {@link org.apache.juneau.json.annotation.Json#wrapperAttr() @Json(wrapperAttr)} annotation can be used to wrap beans inside a JSON object with a specified attribute name.

Example:

@Json(wrapperAttr="personBean") public class Person { public String name = "John Smith"; }

The following shows the JSON representation with and without the annotation present:

Without annotation With annotation
{ name: 'John Smith' } { personBean: { name: 'John Smith' } }

2.19.6 - JSON-Schema Support

Juneau provides the {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSchemaSerializer} class for generating JSON-Schema documents that describe the output generated by the {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer} class. This class shares the same properties as JsonSerializer. For convenience the {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer#getSchemaSerializer()} method has been added for creating instances of schema serializers from the regular serializer instance.

Sample Beans

public class Person { // Bean properties public String name; public Calendar birthDate; public List<Address> addresses; // Getters/setters omitted } public class Address { // Bean properties public String street, city; public StateEnum state; public int zip; public boolean isCurrent; // Getters/setters omitted }

The code for creating our POJO model and generating JSON-Schema is shown below:

// Get the one of the default schema serializers. JsonSchemaSerializer s = JsonSchemaSerializer.DEFAULT_SIMPLE_READABLE; // Get the JSON Schema for the POJO. String jsonSchema = s.serialize(new Person()); // This also works. jsonSchema = s.serialize(Person.class);

JSON Schema

{ type: 'object', description: 'org.apache.juneau.sample.Person', properties: { name: { type: 'string', description: 'java.lang.String' }, birthDate: { type: 'string', description: 'java.util.Calendar' }, addresses: { type: 'array', description: 'java.util.LinkedList<org.apache.juneau.sample.Address>', items: { type: 'object', description: 'org.apache.juneau.sample.Address', properties: { street: { type: 'string', description: 'java.lang.String' }, city: { type: 'string', description: 'java.lang.String' }, state: { type: 'string', description: 'java.lang.String' }, zip: { type: 'number', description: 'int' }, isCurrent: { type: 'boolean', description: 'boolean' } } } } } }

2.20 - XML Details

Juneau supports converting arbitrary POJOs to and from XML using ultra-efficient serializers and parsers. The XML serializer converts POJOs directly to XML without the need for intermediate DOM objects. Likewise, the XML parser uses a STaX parser and creates POJOs directly without intermediate DOM objects.

Unlike frameworks such as JAXB, Juneau does not require POJO classes to be annotated to produce and consume XML. However, several XML annotations are provided for handling namespaces and fine-tuning the format of the XML produced.

The following example shows XML for a typical bean:

Sample Beans

@Bean(typeName="person") public class Person { // Bean properties public String name; @Swap(CalendarSwap.ISO8601DTZ.class) public Calendar birthDate; public List<Address> addresses; // Getters/setters omitted } @Bean(typeName="address") public class Address { // Bean properties public String street, city; public StateEnum state; public int zip; public boolean isCurrent; // Getters/setters omitted }

Sample Code

Person p = new Person() .name("John Smith") .birthDate("1946-08-12T00:00:00Z") .addresses( new Address() .street("100 Main Street") .city("Anywhereville") .state(NY) .zip(12345) .isCurrent(true); );

Normal XML:

<person> <name>John Smith</name> <birthDate>1946-08-12T04:00:00Z</birthDate> <addresses> <address> <street>100 Main Street</street> <city>Anywhereville</city> <state>NY</state> <zip>12345</zip> <isCurrent>true</isCurrent> </address> </addresses> </person>

Juneau produces JSON-equivalent XML, meaning any valid JSON document can be losslessly converted into an XML equivalent. In fact, all of the Juneau serializers and parsers are built upon this JSON-equivalence.

2.20.1 - XML Methodology

The following examples show how different data types are represented in XML. They mirror how the data structures are represented in JSON.

Simple types

The representation of loose (not a direct bean property value) simple types are shown below:

Data type JSON example XML
string 'foo' <string>foo</string>
boolean true <boolean>true</boolean>
integer 123 <number>123</number>
float 1.23 <number>1.23</number>
null null <null/>
Maps

Loose maps and beans use the element <object> for encapsulation.

_type attributes are added to bean properties or map entries if the type cannot be inferred through reflection (e.g. an Object or superclass/interface value type).

Data type JSON example XML
Map<String,String> { k1: 'v1' k2: null } <object> <k1>v1</k1> <k2 _type='null'/> </object>
Map<String,Number> { k1: 123, k2: 1.23, k3: null } <object> <k1>123</k1> <k2>1.23</k2> <k3 _type='null'/> </object>
Map<String,Object> { k1: 'v1' k2: 123, k3: 1.23, k4: true, k5: null } <object> <k1>v1</k1> <k2 _type='number'>123</k2> <k3 _type='number'>1.23</k3> <k4 _type='boolean'>true</k4> <k5 _type='null'/> </object>
Arrays

Loose collections and arrays use the element <array> for encapsulation.

Data type JSON example XML
String[] [ 'foo' null ] <array> <string>foo</string> <null/> </array>
Number[] [ 123, 1.23, null ] <array> <number>123</number> <number>1.23</number> <null/> </array>
Object[] [ 'foo', 123, 1.23, true, null ] <array> <string>foo</string> <number>123</number> <number>1.23</number> <boolean>true</boolean> <null/> </array>
String[][] [ ['foo', null], null, ] <array> <array> <string>foo</string> <null/> </array> <null/> </array>
int[] [ 123 ] <array> <number>123</number> </array>
boolean[] [ true ] <array> <boolean>true</boolean> </array>
List<String> [ 'foo' null ] <array> <string>foo</string> <null/> </array>
List<Number> [ 123, 1.23, null ] <array> <number>123</number> <number>1.23</number> <null/> </array>
List<Object> [ 'foo', 123, 1.23, true, null ] <array> <string>foo</string> <number>123</number> <number>1.23</number> <boolean>true</boolean> <null/> </array>
Beans
Data type JSON example XML
class MyBean { public String a; public int b; public Object c; // String value public Object d; // Integer value public MyBean2 e; public String[] f; public int[] g; } class MyBean2 { String h; } { a: 'foo', b: 123, c: 'bar', d: 456, e: { h: 'baz' } f: ['qux'] g: [789] } <object> <a>foo</a> <b>123</b> <c>bar</c> <d _type='number'>456</d> <e> <h>baz</h> </e> <f> <string>qux</string> </f> <g> <number>789</number> </g> </object>
Beans with Map properties
Data type JSON example XML
class MyBean { public Map<String,String> a; public Map<String,Number> b; public Map<String,Object> c; } { a: { k1: 'foo' }, b: { k2: 123 }, c: { k3: 'bar', k4: 456, k5: true, k6: null } } <object> <a> <k1>foo</k1> </a> <b> <k2>123</k2> </b> <c> <k3>bar</k3> <k4 _type='number'>456</k4> <k5 _type='boolean'>true</k5> <k6 _type='null'/> </c> </object>

2.20.2 - XML Serializers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer} class is used to serialize POJOs into XML.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlDocSerializer} class is the same, but serializes a <?xml?> header at the top of the file.

The XML serializers provide the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#XML_addBeanTypes XML_addBeanTypes}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#XML_addNamespaceUrisToRoot XML_addNamespaceUrisToRoot}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#XML_autoDetectNamespaces XML_autoDetectNamespaces}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#XML_defaultNamespace XML_defaultNamespace}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#XML_enableNamespaces XML_enableNamespaces}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#XML_namespaces XML_namespaces}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#XML_xsNamespace XML_xsNamespace}

The following pre-configured serializers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#DEFAULT_JUNEAU_NAMESPACE DEFAULT_JUNEAU_NAMESPACE}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#DEFAULT_NS DEFAULT_NS}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#DEFAULT_NS_SQ DEFAULT_NS_SQ}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#DEFAULT_NS_SQ_READABLE DEFAULT_NS_SQ_READABLE}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#DEFAULT_SQ DEFAULT_SQ}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#DEFAULT_SQ_READABLE DEFAULT_SQ_READABLE}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#DEFAULT_XS_NAMESPACE DEFAULT_XS_NAMESPACE}

2.20.3 - XML Parsers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlParser} class is used to parse XML into POJOs.

The XML parser provides the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlParser#XML_eventAllocator XML_eventAllocator}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlParser#XML_preserveRootElement XML_preserveRootElement}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlParser#XML_reporter XML_reporter}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlParser#XML_resolver XML_resolver}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlParser#XML_validating XML_validating}

The following pre-configured parsers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlParser#DEFAULT DEFAULT}

2.20.4 - @Bean(typeName) Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#typeName() @Bean(typeName)} annotation can be used to override the Juneau default name on bean elements. Types names serve two distinct purposes:

  1. To override the element name.
  2. To serve as a class identifier so that the bean class can be inferred during parsing if it cannot automatically be inferred through reflection.
Example
Data type JSON example Without annotation With annotation
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { public String a; public int b; } { a: 'foo', b: 123 } <object> <a>foo</id> <b>123</name> </object> <X> <a>foo</id> <b>123</name> </X>

On bean properties, a _type attribute will be added if a type name is present and the bean class cannot be inferred through reflection.

In the following example, a type attribute is used on property 'b' but not property 'a' since 'b' is of type Object and therefore the bean class cannot be inferred.

Example
Java Without annotation With annotation
class MyBean { public BeanX a = new BeanX(); public Object b = new BeanX(); } @Bean(typeName="X") class BeanX { public String fx = "foo"; } <object> <a> <fx>foo</fx> </a> <b> <fx>foo</fx> </b> </object> <object> <a> <fx>foo</fx> </a> <b _type='X'> <fx>foo</fx> </b> </object>
  • string, number, boolean, object, array, and null are reserved keywords that cannot be used as type names.

Beans with type names are often used in conjunction with the {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Bean#beanDictionary() @Bean(beanDictionary)} and {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.BeanProperty#beanDictionary() @BeanProperty(beanDictionary)} annotations so that the beans can be resolved at parse time. These annotations are not necessary during serialization, but are needed during parsing in order to resolve the bean types.

The following examples show how type names are used under various circumstances.

Pay special attention to when _type attributes are and are not used.

Examples
Java XML
@Bean(beanDictionary={BeanX.class}) class BeanWithArrayPropertiesWithTypeNames { public BeanX[] b1 = new BeanX[]{ new BeanX() }; public Object[] b2 = new BeanX[]{ new BeanX() }; public Object[] b3 = new Object[]{ new BeanX() }; } <object> <b1> <X> <fx>foo</fx> </X> </b1> <b2> <X> <fx>foo</fx> </X> </b2> <b3> <X> <fx>foo</fx> </X> </b3> </object>
@Bean(beanDictionary={BeanX.class}) class BeanWith2dArrayPropertiesWithTypeNames { public BeanX[][] b1 = new BeanX[][]{{ new BeanX() }}; public Object[][] b2 = new BeanX[][]{{ new BeanX() }}; public Object[][] b3 = new Object[][]{{ new BeanX() }}; } <object> <b1> <array> <X> <fx>foo</fx> </X> </array> </b1> <b2> <array> <X> <fx>foo</fx> </X> </array> </b2> <b3> <array> <X> <fx>foo</fx> </X> </array> </b3> </object>
@Bean(beanDictionary={BeanX.class}) class BeanWithMapPropertiesWithTypeNames { public Map<String,BeanX> b1 = new HashMap<>() {{ put("k1", new BeanX()); }}; public Map<String,Object> b2 = new HashMap<>() {{ put("k2", new BeanX()); }} } <object> <b1> <k1> <fx>foo</fx> </k1> </b1> <b2> <k2 _type='X'> <fx>foo</fx> </k2> </b2> </object>

Bean type names are also used for resolution when abstract fields are used. The following examples show how they are used in a variety of circumstances.

Java XML
@Bean(beanDictionary={A.class}) class BeanWithAbstractFields { public A a = new A(); public IA ia = new A(); public AA aa = new A(); public Object o = new A(); } interface IA {} abstract class AA implements IA {} @Bean(typeName="A") class A extends AA { public String fa = "foo"; } <object> <a> <fa>foo</fa> </a> <ia _type='A'> <fa>foo</fa> </ia> <aa _type='A'> <fa>foo</fa> </aa> <o _type='A'> <fa>foo</fa> </o> </object>
@Bean(beanDictionary={A.class}) class BeanWithAbstractArrayFields { public A[] a = new A[]{new A()}; public IA[] ia1 = new A[]{new A()}; public IA[] ia2 = new IA[]{new A()}; public AA[] aa1 = new A[]{new A()}; public AA[] aa2 = new AA[]{new A()}; public Object[] o1 = new A[]{new A()}; public Object[] o2 = new Object[]{new A()}; } <object> <a> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </a> <ia1> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </ia1> <ia2> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </ia2> <aa1> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </aa1> <aa2> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </aa2> <o1> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </o1> <o2> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </o2> </object>
@Bean(beanDictionary={A.class}) class BeanWithAbstractMapFields { public Map<String,A> a = new HashMap<>() {{ put("k1", new A()); }}; public Map<String,AA> b = new HashMap<>() {{ put("k2", new A()); }}; public Map<String,Object> c = new HashMap<>() {{ put("k3", new A()); }}; } <object> <a> <k1> <fa>foo</fa> </k1> </a> <b> <k2 _type='A'> <fa>foo</fa> </k2> </b> <c> <k3 _type='A'> <fa>foo</fa> </k3> </c> </object>
@Bean(beanDictionary={A.class}) class BeanWithAbstractMapArrayFields { public Map<String,A[]> a = new LinkedHashMap<>() {{ put("a1", new A[]{new A()}); }}; public Map<String,IA[]> ia = new LinkedHashMap<>() {{ put("ia1", new A[]{new A()}); put("ia2", new IA[]{new A()}); }}; public Map<String,AA[]> aa = new LinkedHashMap<>() {{ put("aa1", new A[]{new A()}); put("aa2", new AA[]{new A()}); }}; public Map<String,Object[]> o = newLinkedHashMap<>() {{ put("o1", new A[]{new A()}); put("o2", new AA[]{new A()}); }}; } <object> <a> <a1> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </a1> </a> <ia> <ia1> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </ia1> <ia2> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </ia2> </ia> <aa> <aa1> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </aa1> <aa2> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </aa2> </aa> <o> <o1> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </o1> <o2> <A> <fa>foo</fa> </A> </o2> </o> </object>

On a side note, characters that cannot be represented in XML 1.0 are encoded using a simple encoding. Note in the examples below, some characters such as '\n', '\t', and '\r' can be represented as XML entities when used in text but not in element names. Other characters such as '\b' and '\f' cannot be encoded in XML 1.0 at all without inventing our own notation. Whitespace characters in element names are encoded as well as whitespace end characters in text.

Java XML
class BeanWithSpecialCharacters { public String a = " \b\f\n\t\r "; } <object> <a>_x0020_ _x0008__x000C_&#x000a;&#x0009;&#x000d; _x0020_</a> </object>
@Bean(typeName=" \b\f\n\t\r ") class BeanWithNamesWithSpecialCharacters { @BeanProperty(name=" \b\f\n\t\r ") public String a = " \b\f\n\t\r "; } <_x0020__x0020__x0008__x000C__x000A__x0009__x000D__x0020__x0020_> <_x0020__x0020__x0008__x000C__x000A__x0009__x000D__x0020__x0020_> _x0020_ _x0008__x000C_&#x000a;&#x0009;&#x000d; _x0020_ </_x0020__x0020__x0008__x000C__x000A__x0009__x000D__x0020__x0020_> </_x0020__x0020__x0008__x000C__x000A__x0009__x000D__x0020__x0020_>

While it's true that these characters CAN be represented in XML 1.1, it's impossible to parse XML 1.1 text in Java without the XML containing an XML declaration. Unfortunately, this, and the uselessness of the {@link javax.xml.stream.XMLInputFactory#IS_REPLACING_ENTITY_REFERENCES} setting in Java forced us to make some hard design decisions that may not be the most elegant.

2.20.5 - @Xml(childName) Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.Xml#childName() @Xml(childName)} annotation can be used to specify the name of XML child elements for bean properties of type collection or array.

Example
Data type JSON example Without annotation With annotation
class MyBean { @Xml(childName="X") public String[] a; @Xml(childName="Y") public int[] b; } { a: ['foo','bar'], b: [123,456] } <object> <a> <string>foo</string> <string>bar</string> </a> <b> <number>123</number> <number>456</number> </b> </object> <object> <a> <X>foo</X> <X>bar</X> </a> <b> <Y>123</Y> <Y>456</Y> </b> </object>
class MyBean { @Xml(childName="child") public int[] a; } { a: [123,456] } <object> <a> <string>foo</string> <string>bar</string> </a> </object> <object> <a> <child>foo</child> <child>bar</child> </a> </object>

2.20.6 - @Xml(format) Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.Xml#format() @Xml(format)} annotation can be used to tweak the XML format of a POJO. The value is set to an enum value of type {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat}. This annotation can be applied to both classes and bean properties.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#ATTR} format can be applied to bean properties to serialize them as XML attributes instead of elements. Note that this only supports properties of simple types (e.g. strings, numbers, booleans).

Example
Data type JSON example Without annotation With annotation
class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.ATTR) public String a; } { a: 'foo' } <object> <a>foo</a> </object> <object a='foo'/>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#ATTRS} format can be applied to bean classes to force all bean properties to be serialized as XML attributes instead of child elements.

Example
Data type JSON example Without annotation With annotation
@Xml(format=XmlFormat.ATTRS) class MyBean { public String a; public int b; } { a: 'foo', b: 123 } <object> <a>foo</a> <b>123</b> </object> <object a='foo' b='123'/>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#ELEMENT} format can be applied to bean properties to override the {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#ATTRS} format applied on the bean class.

Example
Data type JSON example Without annotation With annotation
@Xml(format=XmlFormat.ATTRS) class MyBean { public String a; @Xml(format=XmlFormat.ELEMENT) public int b; } { a: 'foo', b: 123 } <object> <a>foo</a> <b>123</b> </object> <object a='foo'> <b>123</b> </object>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#ATTRS} format can be applied to a single bean property of type Map<String,Object> to denote arbitrary XML attribute values on the element. These can be mixed with other {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#ATTR} annotated properties, but there must not be an overlap in bean property names and map keys.

Example
Data type JSON example Without annotation With annotation
class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.ATTRS) public Map<String,Object> a; @Xml(format=XmlFormat.ATTR) public int b; } { a: { k1: 'foo', k2: 123, }, b: 456 } <object> <a> <k1>foo</k1> <k2 _type='number'>123</k2> </a> <b>456</b> </object> <object k1='foo' k2='123' b='456'/>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#COLLAPSED} format can be applied to bean properties of type array/Collection. This causes the child objects to be serialized directly inside the bean element. This format must be used in conjunction with {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.Xml#childName() @Xml(childName)} to differentiate which collection the values came from if you plan on parsing the output back into beans. Note that child names must not conflict with other property names.

Data type JSON example Without annotation With annotation
class MyBean { @Xml(childName="A",format=XmlFormat.COLLAPSED) public String[] a; @Xml(childName="B",format=XmlFormat.COLLAPSED) public int[] b; } { a: ['foo','bar'], b: [123,456] } <object> <a> <string>foo</string> <string>bar</string> </a> <b> <number>123</number> <number>456</number> </b> </object> <object> <A>foo</A> <A>bar</A> <B>123</B> <B>456</B> </object>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#ELEMENTS} format can be applied to a single bean property of either a simple type or array/Collection. It allows free-form child elements to be formed. All other properties on the bean MUST be serialized as attributes.

Data type JSON example With annotation
class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.ATTR) public String a; @Xml(format=XmlFormat.ELEMENTS) public String b; } { a: 'foo', b: 'bar' } <object a='foo'> <string>bar</string> </object>
class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.ATTR) public String a; @Xml(format=XmlFormat.ELEMENTS) public Object[] b; } { a: 'foo', b: [ 'bar', 'baz', 123, true, null ] } <object a='foo'> <string>bar</string> <string>baz</string> <number>123</number> <boolean>true</boolean> <null/> </object>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#MIXED} format is similar to {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#ELEMENTS} except elements names on primitive types (string/number/boolean/null) are stripped from the output. This format particularly useful when combined with bean dictionaries to produce mixed content. The bean dictionary isn't used during serialization, but it is needed during parsing to resolve bean types.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#MIXED_PWS} format identical to {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#MIXED} except whitespace characters are preserved in the output.

Data type JSON example Without annotations With annotations
class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED) @BeanProperty(beanDictionary={MyBeanX.class, MyBeanY.class}) public Object[] a; } @Bean(typeName="X") class MyBeanX { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.ATTR) public String b; } @Bean(typeName="Y") class MyBeanY { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.ATTR) public String c; } { a: [ 'foo', { _type:'X', b:'bar' } 'baz', { _type:'Y', b:'qux' }, 'quux' ] } <object> <a> <string>foo</string> <object> <b>bar</b> </object> <string>baz</string> <object> <b>qux</b> </object> <string>quux</string> </a> </object> <object>foo<X b='bar'/>baz<Y c='qux'/>quux</object>

Whitespace (tabs and newlines) are not added to MIXED child nodes in readable-output mode. This helps ensures strings in the serialized output can be losslessly parsed back into their original forms when they contain whitespace characters. If the {@link javax.xml.stream.XMLInputFactory#IS_REPLACING_ENTITY_REFERENCES} setting was not useless in Java, we could support lossless readable XML for MIXED content. But as of Java 8, it still does not work.

XML suffers from other deficiencies as well that affect MIXED content. For example, <X></X> and <X/> are equivalent in XML and indistinguishable by the Java XML parsers. This makes it impossible to differentiate between an empty element and an element containing an empty string. This causes empty strings to get lost in translation. To alleviate this, we use the constructs "_xE000_" to represent an empty string, and "_x0020_" to represent leading and trailing spaces.

The examples below show how whitespace is handled under various circumstances:

Data type XML
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT) public String a = null; } <X/>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT) public String a = ""; } <X>_xE000_</X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT) public String a = " "; } <X>_x0020_</X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT) public String a = " "; } <X>_x0020__x0020_</X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT) public String a = " foobar "; } <X>_x0020_ foobar _x0020_</X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT_PWS) public String a = null; } <X/>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT_PWS) public String a = ""; } <X>_xE000_</X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT_PWS) public String a = " "; } <X> </X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT_PWS) public String a = " "; } <X> </X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT_PWS) public String a = " foobar "; } <X> foobar </X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED) public String[] a = null; } <X/>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED) public String a[] = new String[]{""}; } <X>_xE000_</X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED) public String a[] = new String[]{" "}; } <X>_x0020_</X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED) public String a[] = new String[]{" "}; } <X>_x0020__x0020_</X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED) public String a[] = new String[]{ " foobar " }; } <X>_x0020_ foobar _x0020_</X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED_PWS) public String[] a = null; } <X/>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED_PWS) public String a[] = new String[]{""}; } <X>_xE000_</X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED_PWS) public String a[] = new String[]{" "}; } <X> </X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED_PWS) public String a[] = new String[]{" "}; } <X> </X>
@Bean(typeName="X") class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.MIXED_PWS) public String a[] = new String[]{ " foobar " }; } <X> foobar </X>

It should be noted that when using MIXED, you are not guaranteed to parse back the exact same content since side-by-side strings in the content will end up concatenated when parsed.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#TEXT} format is similar to {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#MIXED} except it's meant for solitary objects that get serialized as simple child text nodes. Any object that can be serialize to a String can be used. The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#TEXT_PWS} is the same except whitespace is preserved in the output.

Data type JSON example Without annotations With annotations
class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.TEXT) public String a; } { a: 'foo' } <object> <a>foo</a> </object> <object>foo</object>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#XMLTEXT} format is similar to {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlFormat#TEXT} except it's meant for strings containing XML that should be serialized as-is to the document. Any object that can be serialize to a String can be used. During parsing, the element content gets parsed with the rest of the document and then re-serialized to XML before being set as the property value. This process may not be perfect (e.g. double quotes may be replaced by single quotes, etc...).

Data type JSON example With TEXT annotation With XMLTEXT annotation
class MyBean { @Xml(format=XmlFormat.XMLTEXT) public String a; } { a: 'Some <b>XML</b> text' } <object>Some &lt;b&gt;XML&lt;/b&gt; text</object> <object>Some <b>XML</b> text</object>

2.20.7 - Namespaces

Let's go back to the example of our original Person bean class, but add some namespace annotations:

Sample Beans

@Xml(prefix="per") @Bean(typeName="person") public class Person { // Bean properties public String name; @Swap(CalendarSwap.ISO8601DTZ.class) public Calendar birthDate; public List<Address> addresses; // Getters/setters omitted } @Xml(prefix="addr") @Bean(typeName="address") public class Address { // Bean properties @Xml(prefix="mail") public String street, city; @Xml(prefix="mail") public StateEnum state; @Xml(prefix="mail") public int zip; public boolean isCurrent; // Getters/setters omitted }

The namespace URLs can either be defined as part of the {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.Xml @Xml} annotation, or can be defined at the package level with the {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.XmlSchema @XmlSchema} annotation. Below shows it defined at the package level:

package-info.java

@XmlSchema( prefix="ab", // Default namespace xmlNs={ @XmlNs(prefix="ab", namespaceURI="http://www.apache.org/addressBook/"), @XmlNs(prefix="per", namespaceURI="http://www.apache.org/person/"), @XmlNs(prefix="addr", namespaceURI="http://www.apache.org/address/"), @XmlNs(prefix="mail", namespaceURI="http://www.apache.org/mail/") } ) package org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook;

Sample Code

Person p = new Person() .name("John Smith") .birthDate("1946-08-12T00:00:00Z") .addresses( new Address() .street("100 Main Street") .city("Anywhereville") .state(NY) .zip(12345) .isCurrent(true); ); // Create a new serializer with readable output, this time with namespaces enabled. // Note that this is identical to XmlSerializer.DEFAULT_NS_SQ_READABLE. XmlSerializer s = XmlSerializer.create().ns().ws().sq().build(); String xml = s.serialize(p);

Now when we run this code, we'll see namespaces added to our output:

<per:person> <per:name>John Smith</per:name> <per:birthDate>1946-08-12T04:00:00Z</per:birthDate> <per:addresses> <addr:address> <mail:street>100 Main Street</mail:street> <mail:city>Anywhereville</mail:city> <mail:state>NY</mail:state> <mail:zip>12345</mail:zip> <addr:isCurrent>true</addr:isCurrent> </addr:address> </per:addresses> </per:person>

Enabling the {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#XML_addNamespaceUrisToRoot} setting results in the namespace URLs being added to the root node:

<per:person xmlns='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' xmlns:per='http://www.apache.org/person/' xmlns:addr='http://www.apache.org/address/' xmlns:mail='http://www.apache.org/mail/' > <per:name>John Smith</per:name> <per:birthDate>1946-08-12T04:00:00Z</per:birthDate> <per:addresses> <addr:address> <mail:street>100 Main Street</mail:street> <mail:city>Anywhereville</mail:city> <mail:state>NY</mail:state> <mail:zip>12345</mail:zip> <addr:isCurrent>true</addr:isCurrent> </addr:address> </per:addresses> </per:person>

We can simplify the output by setting the default namespace on the serializer so that all the elements do not need to be prefixed:

// Create a new serializer with readable output, this time with namespaces enabled. XmlSerializer s = XmlSerializer.create().ws().sq().ns() .defaultNamespaceUri("http://www.apache.org/person/") .build();

This produces the following equivalent where the elements don't need prefixes since they're already in the default document namespace:

<person xmlns:juneau='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' xmlns='http://www.apache.org/person/' xmlns:addr='http://www.apache.org/address/' xmlns:mail='http://www.apache.org/mail/' > <name>John Smith</name> <birthDate>1946-08-12T04:00:00Z</birthDate> <addresses> <addr:address> <mail:street>100 Main Street</mail:street> <mail:city>Anywhereville</mail:city> <mail:state>NY</mail:state> <mail:zip>12345</mail:zip> <addr:isCurrent>true</addr:isCurrent> </addr:address> </addresses> </person>

One important property on the XML serializer class is {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#XML_autoDetectNamespaces XML_autoDetectNamespaces}. This property tells the serializer to make a first-pass over the data structure to look for namespaces defined on classes and bean properties. In high-performance environments, you may want to consider disabling auto-detection and providing your own explicit list of namespaces to the serializer to avoid this scanning step.

The following code will produce the same output as before, but will perform slightly better since it avoids this pre-scan step.

// Create a new serializer with readable output, this time with namespaces enabled. XmlSerializer s = XmlSerializer.create() .ws() .sq() .autoDetectNamespaces(false) .namespaces("{per:'http://www.apache.org/person/'}") .build();

2.20.8 - XML-Schema Support

Juneau provides the {@link org.apache.juneau.xmlschema.XmlSchemaSerializer} class for generating XML-Schema documents that describe the output generated by the {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer} class. This class shares the same properties as XmlSerializer. Since the XML output differs based on settings on the XML serializer class, the XML-Schema serializer class must have the same property values as the XML serializer class it's describes. To help facilitate creating an XML Schema serializer with the same properties as the corresponding XML serializer, the {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#getSchemaSerializer()} method has been added.

XML-Schema requires a separate file for each namespace. Unfortunately, does not mesh well with the Juneau serializer architecture which serializes to single writers. To get around this limitation, the schema serializer will produce a single output, but with multiple schema documents separated by the null character ('\u0000') to make it simple to split apart.

Lets start with an example where everything is in the same namespace. We'll use the classes from before, but remove the references to namespaces. Since we have not defined a default namespace, everything is defined under the default Juneau namespace.

Sample Beans

@Bean(typeName="person") public class Person { // Bean properties public String name; @Swap(CalendarSwap.ISO8601DTZ.class) public Calendar birthDate; public List<Address> addresses; // Getters/setters omitted } @Bean(typeName="address") public class Address { // Bean properties public String street, city; public StateEnum state; public int zip; public boolean isCurrent; // Getters/setters omitted }

The code for creating our POJO model and generating XML Schema is shown below:

// Create a new serializer with readable output. XmlSerializer s = XmlSerializer.create() .ws() .ns() .sq() .addNamespaceUrisToRoot(true) .build(); // Create the equivalent schema serializer. XmlSchemaSerializer ss = s.getSchemaSerializer(); // Get the XML Schema corresponding to the XML generated above. String xmlSchema = ss.serialize(new Person());

XML-Schema results

<schema xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema' targetNamespace='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' elementFormDefault='qualified' xmlns:juneau='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau'> <element name='person' _type='juneau:org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Person'/> <complexType name='org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Person'> <sequence> <element name='name' _type='string' minOccurs='0'/> <element name='birthDate' _type='juneau:java.util.Calendar' minOccurs='0'/> <element name='addresses' _type='juneau:java.util.LinkedList_x003C_org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Address_x003E_' minOccurs='0'/> </sequence> </complexType> <complexType name='java.util.Calendar'> <sequence> <any processContents='skip' maxOccurs='unbounded' minOccurs='0'/> </sequence> </complexType> <complexType name='java.util.LinkedList_x003C_org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Address_x003E_'> <sequence> <choice minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='unbounded'> <element name='address' _type='juneau:org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Address'/> <element name='null' _type='string'/> </choice> </sequence> </complexType> <complexType name='org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Address'> <sequence> <element name='street' _type='string' minOccurs='0'/> <element name='city' _type='string' minOccurs='0'/> <element name='state' _type='string' minOccurs='0'/> <element name='zip' _type='integer' minOccurs='0'/> <element name='isCurrent' _type='boolean' minOccurs='0'/> </sequence> </complexType> </schema>

Now if we add in some namespaces, we'll see how multiple namespaces are handled.

Sample Beans with multiple namespaces

@Xml(prefix="per") @Bean(typeName="person") public class Person { // Bean properties public String name; @Swap(CalendarSwap.ISO8601DTZ.class) public Calendar birthDate; public List<Address> addresses; // Getters/setters omitted } @Xml(prefix="addr") @Bean(typeName="address") public class Address { // Bean properties @Xml(prefix="mail") public String street, city; @Xml(prefix="mail") public StateEnum state; @Xml(prefix="mail") public int zip; public boolean isCurrent; // Getters/setters omitted }

The schema consists of 4 documents separated by a '\u0000' character.

XML-Schema results

<schema xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema' targetNamespace='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' elementFormDefault='qualified' xmlns:juneau='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' xmlns:per='http://www.apache.org/person/' xmlns:addr='http://www.apache.org/address/' xmlns:mail='http://www.apache.org/mail/'> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/person/' schemaLocation='per.xsd'/> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/address/' schemaLocation='addr.xsd'/> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/mail/' schemaLocation='mail.xsd'/> <complexType name='int'> <simpleContent> <extension base='integer'/> </simpleContent> </complexType> <complexType name='java.lang.String'> <simpleContent> <extension base='string'/> </simpleContent> </complexType> <complexType name='java.net.URI'> <simpleContent> <extension base='string'/> </simpleContent> </complexType> <complexType name='java.util.Calendar'> <sequence> <any processContents='skip' maxOccurs='unbounded' minOccurs='0'/> </sequence> </complexType> <complexType name='java.util.LinkedList_x003C_org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Address_x003E_'> <sequence> <choice minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='unbounded'> <element name='address' _type='addr:org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Address'/> <element name='null' _type='string'/> </choice> </sequence> </complexType> <complexType name='boolean'> <simpleContent> <extension base='boolean'/> </simpleContent> </complexType> </schema> [\u0000] <schema xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema' targetNamespace='http://www.apache.org/person/' elementFormDefault='qualified' attributeFormDefault='qualified' xmlns:juneau='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' xmlns:per='http://www.apache.org/person/' xmlns:addr='http://www.apache.org/address/' xmlns:mail='http://www.apache.org/mail/'> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' schemaLocation='juneau.xsd'/> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/address/' schemaLocation='addr.xsd'/> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/mail/' schemaLocation='mail.xsd'/> <element name='person' _type='per:org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Person'/> <complexType name='org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Person'> <sequence> <any minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='unbounded'/> </sequence> <attribute name='uri' _type='string'/> </complexType> <element name='name' _type='juneau:java.lang.String'/> <element name='birthDate' _type='juneau:java.util.Calendar'/> <element name='addresses' _type='juneau:java.util.LinkedList_x003C_org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Address_x003E_'/> </schema> [\u0000] <schema xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema' targetNamespace='http://www.apache.org/address/' elementFormDefault='qualified' attributeFormDefault='qualified' xmlns:juneau='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' xmlns:per='http://www.apache.org/person/' xmlns:addr='http://www.apache.org/address/' xmlns:mail='http://www.apache.org/mail/'> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' schemaLocation='juneau.xsd'/> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/person/' schemaLocation='per.xsd'/> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/mail/' schemaLocation='mail.xsd'/> <complexType name='org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Address'> <sequence> <any minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='unbounded'/> </sequence> </complexType> <element name='isCurrent' _type='juneau:boolean'/> </schema> [\u0000] <schema xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema' targetNamespace='http://www.apache.org/mail/' elementFormDefault='qualified' attributeFormDefault='qualified' xmlns:juneau='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' xmlns:per='http://www.apache.org/person/' xmlns:addr='http://www.apache.org/address/' xmlns:mail='http://www.apache.org/mail/'> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/2013/Juneau' schemaLocation='juneau.xsd'/> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/person/' schemaLocation='per.xsd'/> <import namespace='http://www.apache.org/address/' schemaLocation='addr.xsd'/> <element name='street' _type='juneau:java.lang.String'/> <element name='city' _type='juneau:java.lang.String'/> <element name='state' _type='juneau:java.lang.String'/> <element name='zip' _type='juneau:int'/> </schema>

For convenience, the {@link org.apache.juneau.xmlschema.XmlSchemaSerializer #getValidator(SerializerSession,Object)} method is provided to create a {@link javax.xml.validation.Validator} using the input from the serialize method.

2.21 - HTML Details

Juneau supports converting arbitrary POJOs to and from HTML. Built on top of the existing XML parser, it also uses a STaX parser and creates POJOs directly without intermediate DOM objects.

The primary use case for HTML serialization is rendering POJOs in easy-to-read format in REST interfaces.

2.21.1 - HTML Methodology

The following examples show how different data types are represented in HTML. They mirror how the data structures are represented in JSON.

Simple types

The representation for simple types mirror those produced by the XML serializer. Tags are added to help differentiate data types when they cannot be inferred through reflection. These tags are ignored by browsers and treated as plain text.

Data type JSON example HTML
string 'foo' <string>foo</string>
boolean true <boolean>true</boolean>
integer 123 <number>123</number>
float 1.23 <number>1.23</number>
null null <null/>
Maps

Maps and beans are represented as tables.

The _type attribute is added to differentiate between objects (maps/beans) and arrays (arrays/collections).

Data type JSON example HTML
Map<String,String> { k1: 'v1' k2: null } <table _type='object'> <tr> <td>k1</td> <td>v1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>k2</td> <td><null/></td> </tr> </table>
Map<String,Number> { k1: 123, k2: 1.23, k3: null } <table _type='object'> <tr> <td>k1</td> <td>123</td> </tr> <tr> <td>k2</td> <td>1.23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>k3</td> <td><null/></td> </tr> </table>
Map<String,Object> { k1: 'v1' k2: 123, k3: 1.23, k4: true, k5: null } <table _type='object'> <tr> <td>k1</td> <td>v1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>k2</td> <td><number>123</number></td> </tr> <tr> <td>k3</td> <td><number>1.23</number></td> </tr> <tr> <td>k4</td> <td><boolean>true</boolean></td> </tr> <tr> <td>k5</td> <td><null/></td> </tr> </table>
Arrays

Collections and arrays are represented as ordered lists.

Data type JSON example HTML
String[] [ 'foo' null ] <ul> <li>foo</li> <li><null/></li> </ul>
Number[] [ 123, 1.23, null ] <ul> <li>123</li> <li>1.23</li> <li><null/></li> </ul>
Object[] [ 'foo', 123, 1.23, true, null ] <ul> <li>foo</li> <li><number>123</number></li> <li><number>1.23</number></li> <li><boolean>true</boolean></li> <li><null/></li> </ul>
String[][] [ ['foo', null], null, ] <ul> <li> <ul> <li>foo</li> <li><null/></li> </ul> </li> <li><null/></li> </ul>
int[] [ 123 ] <ul> <li>123</li> </ul>
boolean[] [ true ] <ul> <li>true</li> </ul>
Collections
Data type JSON example HTML
List<String> [ 'foo' null ] <ul> <li>foo</li> <li><null/></li> </ul>
List<Number> [ 123, 1.23, null ] <ul> <li>123</li> <li>1.23</li> <li><null/></li> </ul>
List<Object> [ 'foo', 123, 1.23, true, null ] <ul> <li>foo</li> <li><number>123</number></li> <li><number>1.23</number></li> <li><boolean>true</boolean></li> <li><null/></li> </ul>
Beans
Data type JSON example HTML
class MyBean { public String a; public int b; public Object c; // String value public Object d; // Integer value public MyBean2 e; public String[] f; public int[] g; } class MyBean2 { String h; } { a: 'foo', b: 123, c: 'bar', d: 456, e: { h: 'baz' } f: ['qux'] g: [789] } <table _type='object'> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>foo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>123</td> </tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td>bar</td> </tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td><number>456</number></td> </tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td> <table _type='object'> <tr> <td>h</td> <td>qux</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td> <ul> <li>baz</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td> <ul> <li>789</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table>
Beans with Map properties
Data type JSON example HTML
class MyBean { public Map<String,String> a; public Map<String,Number> b; public Map<String,Object> c; } { a: { k1: 'foo' }, b: { k2: 123 }, c: { k3: 'bar', k4: 456, k5: true, k6: null } } <table _type='object'> <tr> <td>a</td> <td> <table _type='object'> <tr> <td>k1</td> <td>foo</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td> <table _type='object'> <tr> <td>k2</td> <td>123</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td> <table _type='object'> <tr> <td>k3</td> <td>bar</td> </tr> <tr> <td>k4</td> <td><number>456</number></td> </tr> <tr> <td>k5</td> <td><boolean>true</boolean></td> </tr> <tr> <td>k6</td> <td><null/></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>

2.21.2 - HTML Serializers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer} class is used to serialize POJOs into HTML.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer} class is the same, but wraps the serialized POJO inside a document template consisting of header, nav, aside, and footer sections.

The HTML serializers provides the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer#HTML_addBeanTypes HTML_addBeanTypes}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer#HTML_addKeyValueTableHeaders HTML_addKeyValueTableHeaders}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer#HTML_detectLabelParameters HTML_detectLabelParameters}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer#HTML_detectLinksInStrings HTML_detectLinksInStrings}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer#HTML_labelParameter HTML_labelParameter}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer#HTML_uriAnchorText HTML_uriAnchorText}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_aside HTMLDOC_aside}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_footer HTMLDOC_footer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_head HTMLDOC_head}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_header HTMLDOC_header}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_nav HTMLDOC_nav}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_navlinks HTMLDOC_navlinks}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_noResultsMessage HTMLDOC_noResultsMessage}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_nowrap HTMLDOC_nowrap}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_script HTMLDOC_script}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_style HTMLDOC_style}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_stylesheet HTMLDOC_stylesheet}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_template HTMLDOC_template}

The following pre-configured serializers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer#DEFAULT }
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer#DEFAULT_SQ }
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer#DEFAULT_SQ_READABLE }
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#DEFAULT }

2.21.3 - HTML Parsers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlParser} class is used to parse HTML into POJOs. They can also parse the contents produced by {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer}.

The HTML parser provides the following settings:

The following pre-configured parsers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlParser#DEFAULT DEFAULT}

2.21.4 - @Html Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html @Html} annotation can be used to customize how POJOs are serialized to HTML on a per-class/field/method basis.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#anchorText() anchorText}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#format() format}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#link() link}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#noTableHeaders() noTableHeaders}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#noTables() noTables}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#render() render}

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#link @Html(link)} annotation adds a hyperlink to a bean property when rendered as HTML.

Example:

public class FileSpace { // Add a hyperlink to this bean property. @Html(link="servlet:/drive/{drive}") public String getDrive() {...} }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#anchorText @Html(anchorText)} annotation is used to specify the anchor text of a hyperlink.

Example:

// Produces <a href='...'>CLICK ME!</a> when serialized to HTML. public class FileSpace { // Add a hyperlink to this bean property. @Html(link="servlet:/drive/{drive}", anchorText="CLICK ME!") public String getDrive() {...} }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#format @Html(format)} annotation is used to specify what format to use for HTML elements. For example, the HTML beans defined in the {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.html5} package use format=XML so that the beans get serialized as standard XML:

Example:

// Parent class of all HTML DTO beans. @Html(format=XML) public abstract class HtmlElement {...}

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#noTableHeaders @Html(noTableHeaders)} annotation is used to prevent beans from being serialized with table headers.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#noTables @Html(noTables)} annotation is used to force beans to be serialized as trees instead of tables

2.21.5 - @Html(render) Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.Html#render @Html(render)} annotation allows for custom rendering of bean property values when serialized as HTML. Using this class, you can alter the CSS style and HTML content of the bean property.

The following example shows two render classes that customize the appearance of the pctFull and status columns in the code below:

import static org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.HtmlBuilder.*; // Our bean class public class FileSpace { private final String drive; private final long total, available; public FileSpace(String drive, long total, long available) { this.drive = drive; this.total = total; this.available = available; } @Html(link="drive/{drive}") public String getDrive() { return drive; } public long getTotal() { return total; } public long getAvailable() { return available; } @Html(render=FileSpacePctRender.class) public float getPctFull() { return ((100 * available) / total); } @Html(render=FileSpaceStatusRender.class) public FileSpaceStatus getStatus() { float pf = getPctFull(); if (pf < 80) return FileSpaceStatus.OK; if (pf < 90) return FileSpaceStatus.WARNING; return FileSpaceStatus.SEVERE; } }

// Possible values for the getStatus() method public enum FileSpaceStatus { OK, WARNING, SEVERE; }

// Custom render for getPctFull() method public class FileSpacePctRender extends HtmlRender<Float> { @Override public String getStyle(SerializerSession session, Float value) { if (value < 80) return "background-color:lightgreen;text-align:center"; if (value < 90) return "background-color:yellow;text-align:center"; return "background-color:red;text-align:center;border:;animation:color_change 0.5s infinite alternate"; } @Override public Object getContent(SerializerSession session, Float value) { if (value >= 90) return div( String.format("%.0f%%", value), style("@keyframes color_change { from { background-color: red; } to { background-color: yellow; }") ); return String.format("%.0f%%", value); } }

// Custom render for getStatus() method public class FileSpaceStatusRender extends HtmlRender<FileSpaceStatus> { @Override public String getStyle(SerializerSession session, FileSpaceStatus value) { return "text-align:center"; } @Override public Object getContent(SerializerSession session, FileSpaceStatus value) { switch (value) { case OK: return img().src(URI.create("servlet:/htdocs/ok.png")); case WARNING: return img().src(URI.create("servlet:/htdocs/warning.png")); default: return img().src(URI.create("servlet:/htdocs/severe.png")); } } }

2.21.6 - HtmlDocSerializer

{@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer} is an extension of {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSerializer} that wraps serialized POJOs in a complete HTML document.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_aside HTMLDOC_aside}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_footer HTMLDOC_footer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_head HTMLDOC_head}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_header HTMLDOC_header}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_nav HTMLDOC_nav}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_navlinks HTMLDOC_navlinks}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_noResultsMessage HTMLDOC_noResultsMessage}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_nowrap HTMLDOC_nowrap}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_script HTMLDOC_script}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_style HTMLDOC_style}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_stylesheet HTMLDOC_stylesheet}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_template HTMLDOC_template}

This class is used extensively in the creation of POJO-based user interfaces in the REST API.

Example:

/** * Sample REST resource that prints out a simple "Hello world!" message. */ @RestResource( path="/helloWorld", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS" }, aside={ "<div style='max-width:400px' class='text'>", " <p>This page shows a resource that simply response with a 'Hello world!' message</p>", " <p>The POJO serialized is a simple String.</p>", "</div>" } ) ) public class HelloWorldResource extends BasicRestServlet {...}

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_template HTMLDOC_template} setting defines a template for the HTML page being generated. The default template is described next.

2.21.7 - BasicHtmlDocTemplate

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.BasicHtmlDocTemplate} class defines a default template for HTML documents created by {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer}.

The HTML document created by this template consists of the following structure:

<html> <head> <style type='text/css'> CSS styles and links to stylesheets </style> </head> <body> <header> Page header </header> <nav> Navigation links </nav> <aside> Side-bar text </aside> <article> Contents of serialized object </article> <footer> Footer message </footer> </body> </html>

2.21.8 - Custom Templates

Custom page templates can be created by implementing the {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocTemplate} interface and associating it with your {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer} using the {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer#HTMLDOC_template HTMLDOC_template} setting.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocTemplate}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocTemplate#writeTo(HtmlDocSerializerSession,HtmlWriter,Object) writeTo(HtmlDocSerializerSession,HtmlWriter,Object)}

The interface implementation is open-ended allowing you to define the contents of the page any way you wish.

2.21.9 - HTML-Schema Support

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlSchemaSerializer} class is the HTML-equivalent to the {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSchemaSerializer} class. It's used to generate HTML versions of JSON-Schema documents that describe the output generated by the {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer} class.

Sample Beans

public class Person { // Bean properties public String name; public Calendar birthDate; public List<Address> addresses; // Getters/setters omitted } public class Address { // Bean properties public String street, city; public StateEnum state; public int zip; public boolean isCurrent; // Getters/setters omitted }

The code for creating our POJO model and generating HTML-Schema is shown below:

// Get the one of the default schema serializers. HtmlSchemaSerializer s = HtmlSchemaSerializer.DEFAULT_SIMPLE_READABLE; // Get the HTML Schema for the POJO. String htmlSchema = s.serialize(new Person()); // This also works. htmlSchema = s.serialize(Person.class);

The result is the HTML table shown below:

type object
properties
name
type string
birthDate
type string
addresses
type array
items
type object
properties
street
type string
city
type string
state
type string
enum
  • AL
  • PA
  • NC
zip
type integer
format int32
isCurrent
type boolean

2.22 - UON Details

Juneau supports converting arbitrary POJOs to and from UON strings using ultra-efficient serializers and parsers. The serializer converts POJOs directly to UON strings without the need for intermediate DOM objects using a highly-efficient state machine. Likewise, the parser creates POJOs directly from UON strings without the need for intermediate DOM objects.

Juneau uses UON (URL-Encoded Object Notation) for representing POJOs. The UON specification can be found here.

The following example shows JSON for a typical bean:

Sample Beans

public class Person { // Bean properties public String name; @Swap(CalendarSwap.ISO8601DTZ.class) public Calendar birthDate; public List<Address> addresses; // Getters/setters omitted } public class Address { // Bean properties public String street, city; public StateEnum state; public int zip; public boolean isCurrent; // Getters/setters omitted }

Sample Code

Person p = new Person() .name("John Smith") .birthDate("1946-08-12T00:00:00Z") .addresses( new Address() .street("100 Main Street") .city("Anywhereville") .state(NY) .zip(12345) .isCurrent(true); );

UON

( name='John+Smith', birthDate='1946-08-12T00:00:00Z', addresses=@( ( street='100 Main Street', city=Anywhereville, state=NY, zip=12345, isCurrent=true ) ) )

2.22.1 - UON Methodology

General methodology:
Java typeJSON equivalentUON
Maps/beans OBJECT a1=(b1=x1,b2=x2) a1=(b1=(c1=x1,c2=x2))
Collections/arrays ARRAY a1=@(x1,x2) a1=@(@(x1,x2),@(x3,x4)) a1=@((b1=x1,b2=x2),(c1=x1,c2=x2))
Booleans BOOLEAN a1=true&a2=false
int/float/double/... NUMBER a1=123&a2=1.23e1
null NULL a1=null
String STRING a1=foobar a1='true' a1='null' a1='123' a1=' string with whitespace ' a1='string with ~'escaped~' quotes'

Refer to the UON specification for a complete set of syntax rules.

2.22.2 - UON Serializers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonSerializer} class is used to serialize POJOs into UON.

The UON serializers provides the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonSerializer#UON_addBeanTypes UON_addBeanTypes}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonSerializer#UON_encoding UON_encoding}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonSerializer#UON_paramFormat UON_paramFormat}

The following pre-configured serializers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonSerializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonSerializer#DEFAULT_ENCODING DEFAULT_ENCODING}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonSerializer#DEFAULT_READABLE DEFAULT_READABLE}

2.22.3 - UON Parsers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonParser} class is used to parse UON into POJOs.

The UON parser provides the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonParser#UON_decoding UON_decoding}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonParser#UON_validateEnd UON_validateEnd}

The following pre-configured parsers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonParser#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonParser#DEFAULT_DECODING DEFAULT_DECODING}

2.23 - URL-Encoding Details

Juneau supports converting arbitrary POJOs to and from URL-encoded strings using ultra-efficient serializers and parsers. The serializer converts POJOs directly to URL-encoded strings without the need for intermediate DOM objects using a highly-efficient state machine. Likewise, the parser creates POJOs directly from URL-encoded strings without the need for intermediate DOM objects.

Juneau uses UON (URL-Encoded Object Notation) for representing POJOs as URL-Encoded values in key-value pairs. The UON specification can be found here.

The following example shows JSON for a typical bean:

Sample Beans

public class Person { // Bean properties public String name; @Swap(CalendarSwap.ISO8601DTZ.class) public Calendar birthDate; public List<Address> addresses; // Getters/setters omitted } public class Address { // Bean properties public String street, city; public StateEnum state; public int zip; public boolean isCurrent; // Getters/setters omitted }

Sample Code

Person p = new Person() .name("John Smith") .birthDate("1946-08-12T00:00:00Z") .addresses( new Address() .street("100 Main Street") .city("Anywhereville") .state(NY) .zip(12345) .isCurrent(true); );

URL-Encoding

name='John+Smith' &birthDate='1946-08-12T00:00:00Z' &addresses=@( ( street='100 Main Street', city=Anywhereville, state=NY, zip=12345, isCurrent=true ) )

2.23.1 - URL-Encoding Methodology

General methodology:
Java typeJSON equivalentUON
Maps/beans OBJECT a1=(b1=x1,b2=x2) a1=(b1=(c1=x1,c2=x2))
Collections/arrays ARRAY a1=@(x1,x2) a1=@(@(x1,x2),@(x3,x4)) a1=@((b1=x1,b2=x2),(c1=x1,c2=x2))
Booleans BOOLEAN a1=true&a2=false
int/float/double/... NUMBER a1=123&a2=1.23e1
null NULL a1=null
String STRING a1=foobar a1='true' a1='null' a1='123' a1=' string with whitespace ' a1='string with ~'escaped~' quotes'

Refer to the UON specification for a complete set of syntax rules.

2.23.2 - URL-Encoding Serializers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer} class is used to serialize POJOs into URL-Encoding.

The URL-Encoding serializers provides the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer#URLENC_expandedParams URLENC_expandedParams}

The following pre-configured serializers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer#DEFAULT_EXPANDED DEFAULT_EXPANDED}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer#DEFAULT_PLAINTEXT DEFAULT_PLAINTEXT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer#DEFAULT_READABLE DEFAULT_READABLE}

2.23.3 - URL-Encoding Parsers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingParser} class is used to parse URL-Encoding into POJOs.

The URL-Encoding parser provides the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingParser#URLENC_expandedParams URLENC_expandedParams}

The following pre-configured parsers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingParser#DEFAULT DEFAULT}

2.23.4 - @UrlEncoding Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.annotation.UrlEncoding @UrlEncoding} annotation is used to override the behavior of {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer} on individual bean classes or properties.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.annotation.UrlEncoding}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.annotation.UrlEncoding#expandedParams() expandedParams}

The {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.annotation.UrlEncoding#expandedParams() expandedParams} setting is used to force bean properties of type array or Collection to be expanded into multiple key/value pairings. It's identical in behavior to using the {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer#URLENC_expandedParams} and {@link org.apache.juneau.urlencoding.UrlEncodingParser#URLENC_expandedParams} properties, but applies to only individual bean properties.

2.24 - MessagePack Details

Juneau supports converting arbitrary POJOs to and from MessagePack using ultra-efficient serializers and parsers.

MessagePack is a compact binary form of JSON. The serialization support for MessagePack mirrors that of JSON.

2.24.1 - MessagePack Serializers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.msgpack.MsgPackSerializer} class is used to serialize POJOs into MessagePack.

The MessagePack serializer provides the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.msgpack.MsgPackSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.msgpack.MsgPackSerializer#MSGPACK_addBeanTypes MSGPACK_addBeanTypes}

The following pre-configured serializers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.msgpack.MsgPackSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.msgpack.MsgPackSerializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}

2.24.2 - MessagePack Parsers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.msgpack.MsgPackParser} class is used to parse MessagePack into POJOs.

The MessagePack parser provides the following settings:

The following pre-configured parsers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.msgpack.MsgPackParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.msgpack.MsgPackParser#DEFAULT DEFAULT}

2.25 - OpenAPI Details

Juneau supports converting arbitrary POJOs to and from strings using OpenAPI-based schema rules.

The relevant classes for using OpenAPI-based serialization are:

The {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSchema} class is used to define the formatting and validations for a POJO. It's used in conjunction with the serializer and parser to produce and consume HTTP parts based on OpenAPI rules.

Later in the rest-server and rest-client sections, we also describe how the following annotations can be applied to method parameters and class types to define the schema for various HTTP parts:

2.25.1 - OpenAPI Methodology

Unlike the other Juneau serializers and parsers that convert input and output directly to-and-from POJOs, the OpenAPI serializers and parsers use intermediate objects based on the type and format of the schema.

The following table shows the "natural" intermediate type of the object based on the type/format:

TypeFormatIntermediate Java Type
string or empty byte
binary
binary-spaced
byte[]
date
date-time
{@link java.util.Calendar}
uon No intermediate type.
(serialized directly to/from POJO)
empty {@link java.lang.String}
boolean empty {@link java.lang.Boolean}
integer int32 {@link java.lang.Integer}
int64 {@link java.lang.Long}
number float {@link java.lang.Float}
double {@link java.lang.Double}
array empty Arrays of intermediate types on this list.
uon No intermediate type.
(serialized directly to/from POJO)
object empty Map<String,Object>
uon No intermediate type.
(serialized directly to/from POJO)

The valid POJO types for serializing/parsing are based on the intermediate types above. As a general rule, any POJOs that are the intermediate type or transformable to or from the intermediate type are valid POJO types.

For example, the following POJO type can be transformed to and from a byte array.

// Sample POJO class convertable to and from a byte[]. public class MyPojo { // Constructor used by parser. public MyPojo(byte[] fromBytes) {...} // toX method used by serializer. public byte[] toBytes() {...} }

This example shows how that POJO can be converted to a BASE64-encoded string.

// Construct a POJO. MyPojo myPojo = ...; // Define a schema. HttpPartSchema schema = HttpPartSchema.create().type("string").format("byte").build(); // Convert POJO to BASE64-encoded string. HttpPartSerializer s = OpenApiSerializer.DEFAULT; String httpPart = s.serialize(schema, myPojo); // Convert BASE64-encoded string back into a POJO. HttpPartParser p = OpenApiParser.DEFAULT; myPojo = p.parse(schema, httpPart, MyPojo.class);

In addition to defining format, the schema also allows for validations of the serialized form.

// Construct a POJO. MyPojo myPojo = ...; // Define a schema. // Serialized string must be no smaller than 100 characters. HttpPartSchema schema = HttpPartSchema.create().type("string").format("byte").minLength(100).build(); // Convert POJO to BASE64-encoded string. HttpPartSerializer s = OpenApiSerializer.DEFAULT; String httpPart; try { httpPart = s.serialize(schema, myPojo); } catch (SchemaValidationException e) { // Oops, output too small. } // Convert BASE64-encoded string back into a POJO. HttpPartParser p = OpenApiParser.DEFAULT; try { myPojo = p.parse(schema, httpPart, MyPojo.class); } catch (SchemaValidationException e) { // Oops, input too small. }

It looks simple, but the implementation is highly sophisticated being able to serialize and parse and validate using complex schemas.

The next sections go more into depth on serializing and parsing various POJO types.

2.25.2 - OpenAPI Serializers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} class is used to convert POJOs to HTTP parts.

Later we'll describe how to use HTTP-Part annotations to define OpenAPI schemas for serialization and parsing of HTTP parts. The following example is a preview showing an HTTP body defined as pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers (e.g. "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9"):

@RestMethod(method="POST", path="/2dLongArray") public void post2dLongArray( @Body( schema=@Schema( items=@Items( collectionFormat="pipes", items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv", type="integer", format="int64", minimum="0", maximum="100" minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) ) minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) ) Long[][] body ) {...}

Under-the-covers, this gets converted to the following schema object:

import static org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSchema.*; HttpPartSchema schema = create() .items( create() .collectionFormat("pipes") .items( create() .collectionFormat("csv") .type("integer") .format("int64") .minimum("0") .maximum("100") .minLength(1) .maxLength=(10) ) ) .build();

The following code shows how the schema above can be used to create our pipe+csv list of numbers:

// Our POJO being serialized. Long[][] input = .... // The serializer to use. HttpPartSerializer s = OpenApiSerializer.DEFAULT; // Convert POJO to a string. try { String httpPart = s.serialize(schema, input); } catch (SchemaValidationException e) { // Oops, one of the restrictions were not met. }

As a general rule, any POJO convertible to the intermediate type for the type/format of the schema can be serialized using the OpenAPI serializer. Here are the rules of POJO types allowed for various type/format combinations:

TypeFormatValid parameter types
string or empty byte
binary
binary-spaced
  • byte[] (default)
  • {@link java.io.InputStream}
  • {@link java.io.Reader} - Read into String and then converted using {@link java.lang.String#getBytes()}.
  • {@link java.lang.Object} - Converted to String and then converted using {@link java.lang.String#getBytes()}.
  • Any POJO transformable to a byte[] via the following methods:
    • public byte[] toBytes() {...}
    • public byte[] toFoo() {...} (any method name starting with "to")
  • Any POJO transformable to a byte[] via a {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap}.
date
date-time
  • {@link java.util.Calendar} (default)
  • {@link java.util.Date}
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.util.Calendar} via the following methods:
    • public Calendar toCalendar() {...}
    • public Calendar toFoo() {...} (any method name starting with "to")
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.util.Calendar} via a {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap}.
uon
  • Any {@doc PojoCategories Serializable POJO} type.
empty
  • {@link java.lang.String} (default)
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.lang.String} via the following methods:
    • public String toString() {...}
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.lang.String} via a {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap}.
boolean empty
  • {@link java.lang.Boolean} (default)
  • boolean
  • {@link java.lang.String} - Converted to a {@link java.lang.Boolean}.
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.lang.Boolean} via the following methods:
    • public Boolean toBoolean() {...}
    • public Boolean toFoo() {...} (any method name starting with "to")
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.lang.Boolean} via a {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap}.
integer int32
  • {@link java.lang.Integer} (default)
  • int
  • {@link java.lang.String} - Converted to an {@link java.lang.String}.
  • Any POJO transformable to an {@link java.lang.Integer} via the following methods:
    • public Integer toInteger() {...}
    • public Integer toFoo() {...} (any method name starting with "to")
  • Any POJO transformable to an {@link java.lang.Integer} via a {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap}.
int64
  • {@link java.lang.Long} (default)
  • long
  • {@link java.lang.String} - Converted to a {@link java.lang.Long}.
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.lang.Long} via the following methods:
    • public Long toLong() {...}
    • public Long toFoo() {...} (any method name starting with "to")
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.lang.Long} via a {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap}.
number float
  • {@link java.lang.Float} (default)
  • float
  • {@link java.lang.String} - Converted to a {@link java.lang.Float}.
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.lang.Float} via the following methods:
    • public Float toFloat() {...}
    • public Float toFoo() {...} (any method name starting with "to")
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.lang.Float} via a {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap}.
double
  • {@link java.lang.Double} (default)
  • double
  • {@link java.lang.String} - Converted to a {@link java.lang.Double}.
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.lang.Double} via the following methods:
    • public Double toDouble() {...}
    • public Double toFoo() {...} (any method name starting with "to")
  • Any POJO transformable to a {@link java.lang.Double} via a {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap}.
array empty
  • Arrays or Collections of any defaults on this list.
  • Any POJO transformable to arrays of the default types (e.g. Integer[], Boolean[][], etc...).
    For example:
    • public Boolean[][] toFoo() {...} (any method name starting with "to")
  • Any POJO transformable to arrays of the default types via a {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap}
uon
  • Any {@doc PojoCategories Serializable POJO} type.
object empty
  • Map<String,Object> (default)
  • Beans with properties of anything on this list.
  • Any POJO transformable to a map via a {@link org.apache.juneau.transform.PojoSwap}
uon
  • Any {@doc PojoCategories Serializable POJO} type.

For arrays, an example of "Any POJO transformable to arrays of the default types" is:

// Sample POJO class convertable to a Long[][]. public class MyPojo { // toX method used by serializer. public Long[][] to2dLongs() {...} }

In the example above, our POJO class can be used to create our pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers:

// Our POJO being serialized. MyPojo input = .... // The serializer to use. HttpPartSerializer s = OpenApiSerializer.DEFAULT; // Convert POJO to a string. try { String httpPart = s.serialize(schema, input); } catch (SchemaValidationException e) { // Oops, one of the restrictions were not met. }

The object type is not officially part of the OpenAPI standard. However, Juneau supports serializing Maps and beans to HTTP parts using UON notation.

The following shows an example of a bean with several properties of various types.

public class MyBean { private static byte[] FOOB = "foo".getBytes(); public String f1 = "foo"; public byte[] f2 = FOOB; public byte[] f3 = FOOB; public byte[] f4 = FOOB; public Calendar f5 = parseIsoCalendar("2012-12-21T12:34:56Z"); public String f6 = "foo"; public int f7 = 1; public Long f8 = 2l; public float f9 = 1.0; public Double f10 = 1.0; public Boolean f11 = true; public Object fExtra = "1"; }

We define the following schema:

import static org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSchema.*; HttpPartSchema ps = schema("object") .property("f1", schema("string")) .property("f2", schema("string", "byte")) .property("f3", schema("string", "binary")) .property("f4", schema("string", "binary-spaced")) .property("f5", schema("string", "date-time")) .property("f6", schema("string", "uon")) .property("f7", schema("integer")) .property("f8", schema("integer", "int64")) .property("f9", schema("number")) .property("f10", schema("number", "double")) .property("f11", schema("boolean")) .additionalProperties(schema("integer")) .build();

Then we serialize our bean:

HttpPartSerializer s = OpenApiSerializer.DEFAULT; String httpPart = s.serialize(schema, new MyBean());

The results of this serialization is shown below:

( f1=foo, f2=Zm9v, f3=666F6F, f4='66 6F 6F', f5=2012-12-21T12:34:56Z, f6=foo, f7=1, f8=2, f9=1.0, f10=1.0, f11=true, fExtra=1 )

The following is an example of a bean with various array property types:

public class MyBean { private static byte[] FOOB = "foo".getBytes(); public String[] f1 = new String[]{"a,b",null}, public byte[][] f2 = new byte[][]{FOOB,null}, public byte[][] f3 = new byte[][]{FOOB,null}, public byte[][] f4 = new byte[][]{FOOB,null}, public Calendar[] f5 = new Calendar[]{parseIsoCalendar("2012-12-21T12:34:56Z"),null}, public String[] f6 = new String[]{"a","b",null}, public int[] f7 = new int[]{1,2,null}, public Integer[] f8 = new Integer[]{3,4,null}, public float[] f9 = new float[]{1f,2f,null}, public Float[] f10 = new Float[]{3f,4f,null}, public Boolean[] f11 = new Boolean[]{true,false,null}, public Object[] fExtra = new Object[]{1,"2",null}; }

For this bean, we define the following schema:

HttpPartSchema ps = schema("object") .property("f1", schema("array").items(schema("string"))) .property("f2", schema("array").items(schema("string", "byte"))) .property("f3", schema("array").items(schema("string", "binary"))) .property("f4", schema("array").items(schema("string", "binary-spaced"))) .property("f5", schema("array").items(schema("string", "date-time"))) .property("f6", schema("array").items(schema("string", "uon"))) .property("f7", schema("array").items(schema("integer"))) .property("f8", schema("array").items(schema("integer", "int64"))) .property("f9", schema("array").items(schema("number"))) .property("f10", schema("array").items(schema("number", "double"))) .property("f11", schema("array").items(schema("boolean"))) .additionalProperties(schema("array").items(schema("integer"))) .build();

Serializing this bean produces the following output:

( f1=@('a,b',null), f2=@(Zm9v,null), f4=@(2012-12-21T12:34:56Z,null), f5=@(666F6F,null), f6=@('66 6F 6F',null), f7=@(a,b,null), f8=@(1,2,null), f9=@(3,4,null), f10=@(1.0,2.0,null), f11=@(3.0,4.0,null), f12=@(true,false,null), fExtra=@(1,2,null) )

Other Notes:
  • Array properties can also use CSV/SSV/PIPES for array notation.
    Various notations can be mixed throughout.
  • Schemas and POJOs can be defined arbitrarily deep.
  • Schemas are optional. They can be skipped or partially defined.
  • We make our best attempt to convert the input to the matching type. However, you will get SerializeExceptions if you attempt an impossible conversion. (e.g. trying to serialize the string "foo" as a boolean).

2.25.3 - OpenAPI Parsers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiParser} class is used to convert HTTP parts back into POJOs.

The following is the previous example of a schema that defines the format of a pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers (e.g. "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9"):

import static org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSchema.*; HttpPartSchema schema = create() .items( create() .collectionFormat("pipes") .items( create() .collectionFormat("csv") .type("integer") .format("int64") .minimum("0") .maximum("100") .minLength(1) .maxLength=(10) ) ) .build();

The following code shows how the schema above can be used to parse our input into a POJO:

// Our input being parsed. String input = "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9" // The parser to use. HttpPartParser p = OpenApiParser.DEFAULT; // Convert string to a POJO. try { Long[][] pojo = p.parse(schema, input, Long[][].class); } catch (SchemaValidationException e) { // Oops, one of the restrictions were not met. }

As a general rule, any POJO convertible from the intermediate type for the type/format of the schema can be parsed using the OpenAPI parser. Here are the rules of POJO types allowed for various type/format combinations:

TypeFormatValid parameter types
string or empty byte
binary
binary-spaced
  • byte[] (default)
  • {@link java.io.InputStream} - Returns a {@link java.io.ByteArrayInputStream}.
  • {@link java.io.Reader} - Returns a {@link java.io.InputStreamReader} wrapped around a {@link java.io.ByteArrayInputStream}.
  • {@link java.lang.String} - Constructed using {@link java.lang.String#String(byte[])}.
  • {@link java.lang.Object} - Returns the default byte[].
  • Any POJO transformable from a byte[] (via constructors or static create methods).
date
date-time
  • {@link java.util.Calendar} (default)
  • {@link java.util.Date}
  • {@link java.util.GregorianCalendar}
  • {@link java.lang.String} - Converted using {@link java.util.Calendar#toString()}.
  • {@link java.lang.Object} - Returns the default {@link java.util.Calendar}.
  • Any POJO transformable from a {@link java.util.Calendar} (via constructors or static create methods).
uon
  • Any {@doc PojoCategories Parsable POJO} type.
empty
  • {@link java.lang.String} (default)
  • {@link java.lang.Object} - Returns the default {@link java.lang.String}.
  • Any POJO transformable from a {@link java.lang.String} (via constructors, static create methods, or swaps).
boolean empty
  • {@link java.lang.Boolean} (default)
  • boolean
  • {@link java.lang.String}
  • {@link java.lang.Object} - Returns the default {@link java.lang.Boolean}.
  • Any POJO transformable from a {@link java.lang.Boolean} (via constructors, static create methods, or swaps).
integer int32
  • {@link java.lang.Integer} (default)
  • Any subclass of {@link java.lang.Number}
  • Any primitive number: (e.g int, float...)
  • {@link java.lang.String}
  • {@link java.lang.Object} - Returns the default {@link java.lang.Integer}.
  • Any POJO transformable from an {@link java.lang.Integer} (via constructors, static create methods, or swaps).
int64
  • {@link java.lang.Long} (default)
  • Any subclass of {@link java.lang.Number}
  • Any primitive number: (e.g int, float...)
  • {@link java.lang.String}
  • {@link java.lang.Object} - Returns the default {@link java.lang.Long}.
  • Any POJO transformable from an {@link java.lang.Long} (via constructors, static create methods, or swaps).
number float
  • {@link java.lang.Float} (default)
  • Any subclass of {@link java.lang.Number}
  • Any primitive number: (e.g int, float...)
  • {@link java.lang.String}
  • {@link java.lang.Object} - Returns the default {@link java.lang.Float}.
  • Any POJO transformable from an {@link java.lang.Float} (via constructors, static create methods, or swaps).
double
  • {@link java.lang.Double} (default)
  • Any subclass of {@link java.lang.Number}
  • Any primitive number: (e.g int, float...)
  • {@link java.lang.String}
  • {@link java.lang.Object} - Returns the default {@link java.lang.Double}.
  • Any POJO transformable from an {@link java.lang.Double} (via constructors, static create methods, or swaps).
array empty
  • Arrays or Collections of anything on this list.
  • Any POJO transformable from arrays of the default types (e.g. Integer[], Boolean[][], etc...).
uon
  • Any {@doc PojoCategories Parsable POJO} type.
object empty
  • Map<String,Object> (default)
  • Beans with properties of anything on this list.
  • Maps with string keys.
uon
  • Any {@doc PojoCategories Parsable POJO} type.

For arrays, an example of "Any POJO transformable from arrays of the default types" is:

// Sample POJO class convertable from a Long[][]. public class MyPojo { // Constructor used by parser. public MyPojo(Long[][] from2dLongs) {...} }

In the example above, our POJO class can be constructed from our pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers:

// Our input being parsed. String input = "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9" // The parser to use. HttpPartParser p = OpenApiParser.DEFAULT; // Convert string to a POJO. try { MyPojo pojo = p.parse(schema, input, MyPojo.class); } catch (SchemaValidationException e) { // Oops, one of the restrictions were not met. }

Just like serialization, the object type is not officially part of the OpenAPI standard, but Juneau supports parsing HTTP parts in UON notation to Maps and beans.

The following shows an example of a bean with several properties of various types.

public class MyBean { public String f1; public byte[] f2; public byte[] f3; public byte[] f4; public Calendar f5; public String f6; public int f7; public Long f8; public float f9; public Double f10; public Boolean f11; public Object fExtra; }

We define the following schema again:

import static org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSchema.*; HttpPartSchema ps = schema("object") .property("f1", schema("string")) .property("f2", schema("string", "byte")) .property("f3", schema("string", "binary")) .property("f4", schema("string", "binary-spaced")) .property("f5", schema("string", "date-time")) .property("f6", schema("string", "uon")) .property("f7", schema("integer")) .property("f8", schema("integer", "int64")) .property("f9", schema("number")) .property("f10", schema("number", "double")) .property("f11", schema("boolean")) .additionalProperties(schema("integer")) .build();

Then we parse our input into our POJO:

String input = "(f1=foo,f2=Zm9v,f3=666F6F,f4='66 6F 6F',f5=2012-12-21T12:34:56Z,f6=foo," + "f7=1,f8=2,f9=1.0,f10=1.0,f11=true,fExtra=1)"; HttpPartParser p = OpenApiParser.DEFAULT; MyBean b = p.parse(schema, input, MyBean.class);

Note that serializing into generic Object properties would have produced similar results:

public class MyBean { public Object f1; public Object f2; public Object f3; public Object f4; public Object f5; public Object f6; public Object f7; public Object f8; public Object f9; public Object f10; public Object f11; public Object fExtra; }

We can also parse into Maps as well:

String input = "(f1=foo,f2=Zm9v,f3=666F6F,f4='66 6F 6F',f5=2012-12-21T12:34:56Z,f6=foo," + "f7=1,f8=2,f9=1.0,f10=1.0,f11=true,fExtra=1)"; HttpPartParser p = OpenApiParser.DEFAULT; ObjectMap m = p.parse(schema, input, ObjectMap.class);

Other Notes:
  • Array properties can also use CSV/SSV/PIPES for array notation.
    Various notations can be mixed throughout.
  • Schemas and POJOs can be defined arbitrarily deep.
  • Schemas are optional. They can be skipped or partially defined.
  • We make our best attempt to convert the output to the matching type. However, you will get ParseExceptions if you attempt an impossible conversion. (e.g. trying to parse the string "foo" into a boolean).

2.26 - Best Practices

  1. Reuse instances of serializers and parsers whenever possible.
    They are designed to be thread safe and maintain internal caches of bean metadata to increase performance.
  2. The {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanTraverseContext#BEANTRAVERSE_detectRecursions BEANTRAVERSE_detectRecursions} option on the {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer} class can cause a performance penalty of around 20%.
    Therefore, it's recommended that this option be used only when necessary.
  3. In general, JSON serialization and parsing is about 20% faster than XML. JSON is also more compact than XML.
    MessagePack is fastest and most compact of all.
  4. The RDF parsers are SLOW.
    RDF simply isn't efficient with node traversal, so creating tree structures out of RDF models is highly inefficient.
  5. The {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser} methods that take in {@link org.apache.juneau.ClassMeta} parameters are slightly faster than methods that take in {@link java.lang.Class} or {@link java.lang.Object} parameters, since the latter methods involve hash lookups to resolve to {@link org.apache.juneau.ClassMeta} parameters.

3 - juneau-marshall-rdf

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-marshall-rdf</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-marshall-rdf-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.marshall.rdf_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

The juneau-marshall-rdf library provides additional serializers and parsers for RDF. These rely on the Apache Jena library to provide support for the following languages:

3.1 - RDF Details

Juneau supports serializing and parsing arbitrary POJOs to and from the following RDF formats:

The serializers and parsers work identically to those in juneau-marshall, but are packaged separately so that you don't need to pull in the Jena dependency unless you need it.

// A simple bean public class Person { public String name = "John Smith"; public int age = 21; } // Serialize a bean to JSON, XML, or HTML Person p = new Person(); // Produces: // <rdf:RDF // xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" // xmlns:jp="http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/" // xmlns:j="http://www.apache.org/juneau/"> // <rdf:Description> // <jp:name>John Smith</jp:name> // <jp:age>21</jp:age> // </rdf:Description> // </rdf:RDF> String rdfXml = RdfSerializer.DEFAULT_XMLABBREV.serialize(p); // Produces: // @prefix jp: <http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/> . // @prefix j: <http://www.apache.org/juneau/> . // [] jp:age "21" ; // jp:name "John Smith" . String rdfN3 = N3Serializer.DEFAULT.serialize(p); // Produces: // _:A3bf53c85X3aX157cf407e2dX3aXX2dX7ffd <http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/name> "John Smith" . // _:A3bf53c85X3aX157cf407e2dX3aXX2dX7ffd <http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/age> "21" . String rdfNTriple = RdfSerializer.DEFAULT_NTRIPLE.serialize(p);

3.1.1 - RDF Serializers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer} class is the top-level class for all Jena-based serializers. Language-specific serializers are defined as inner subclasses of the RdfSerializer class:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfXmlSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfXmlAbbrevSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.N3Serializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.NTripleSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.TurtleSerializer}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_embedding RDF_arp_embedding}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_err_ RDF_arp_err_}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_errorMode RDF_arp_errorMode}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_ign_ RDF_arp_ign_}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_iriRules RDF_arp_iriRules}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_warn_ RDF_arp_warn_}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_collectionFormat RDF_collectionFormat}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_juneauBpNs RDF_juneauBpNs}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_juneauNs RDF_juneauNs}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_language RDF_language}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_looseCollections RDF_looseCollections}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_abbrevBaseUri RDF_n3_abbrevBaseUri}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_indentProperty RDF_n3_indentProperty}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_minGap RDF_n3_minGap}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_objectLists RDF_n3_objectLists}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_propertyColumn RDF_n3_propertyColumn}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_subjectColumn RDF_n3_subjectColumn}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_useDoubles RDF_n3_useDoubles}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_usePropertySymbols RDF_n3_usePropertySymbols}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_useTripleQuotedStrings RDF_n3_useTripleQuotedStrings}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_widePropertyLen RDF_n3_widePropertyLen}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_allowBadUris RDF_rdfxml_allowBadUris}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_attributeQuoteChar RDF_rdfxml_attributeQuoteChar}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_blockRules RDF_rdfxml_blockRules}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_longId RDF_rdfxml_longId}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_relativeUris RDF_rdfxml_relativeUris}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_showDoctypeDeclaration RDF_rdfxml_showDoctypeDeclaration}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_showXmlDeclaration RDF_rdfxml_showXmlDeclaration}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_tab RDF_rdfxml_tab}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_xmlBase RDF_rdfxml_xmlBase}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_useXmlNamespaces RDF_useXmlNamespaces}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer#RDF_addBeanTypes RDF_addBeanTypes}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer#RDF_addLiteralTypes RDF_addLiteralTypes}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer#RDF_addRootProperty RDF_addRootProperty}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer#RDF_autoDetectNamespaces RDF_autoDetectNamespaces}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer#RDF_namespaces RDF_namespaces}

The following pre-configured serializers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfXmlSerializer}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfXmlSerializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfXmlAbbrevSerializer}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfXmlAbbrevSerializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.N3Serializer}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.N3Serializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.NTripleSerializer}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.NTripleSerializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.TurtleSerializer}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.TurtleSerializer#DEFAULT DEFAULT}

Abbreviated RDF/XML is currently the most widely accepted and readable RDF syntax, so the examples shown here will use that format.

3.1.2 - RDF Parsers

The {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfParser} class is the top-level class for all Jena-based parsers. Language-specific parsers are defined as inner subclasses of the RdfParser class:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfXmlParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.NTripleParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.TurtleParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.N3Parser}

The RdfParser.Xml parser handles both regular and abbreviated RDF/XML.

The RDF parser provides the following settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_embedding RDF_arp_embedding}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_err_ RDF_arp_err_}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_errorMode RDF_arp_errorMode}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_ign_ RDF_arp_ign_}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_iriRules RDF_arp_iriRules}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_arp_warn_ RDF_arp_warn_}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_collectionFormat RDF_collectionFormat}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_juneauBpNs RDF_juneauBpNs}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_juneauNs RDF_juneauNs}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_language RDF_language}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_looseCollections RDF_looseCollections}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_abbrevBaseUri RDF_n3_abbrevBaseUri}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_indentProperty RDF_n3_indentProperty}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_minGap RDF_n3_minGap}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_objectLists RDF_n3_objectLists}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_propertyColumn RDF_n3_propertyColumn}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_subjectColumn RDF_n3_subjectColumn}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_useDoubles RDF_n3_useDoubles}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_usePropertySymbols RDF_n3_usePropertySymbols}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_useTripleQuotedStrings RDF_n3_useTripleQuotedStrings}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_n3_widePropertyLen RDF_n3_widePropertyLen}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_allowBadUris RDF_rdfxml_allowBadUris}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_attributeQuoteChar RDF_rdfxml_attributeQuoteChar}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_blockRules RDF_rdfxml_blockRules}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_longId RDF_rdfxml_longId}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_relativeUris RDF_rdfxml_relativeUris}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_showDoctypeDeclaration RDF_rdfxml_showDoctypeDeclaration}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_showXmlDeclaration RDF_rdfxml_showXmlDeclaration}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_tab RDF_rdfxml_tab}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_rdfxml_xmlBase RDF_rdfxml_xmlBase}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfCommon#RDF_useXmlNamespaces RDF_useXmlNamespaces}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfParser#RDF_trimWhitespace RDF_trimWhitespace}

The following pre-configured parsers are provided for convenience:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfParser}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfXmlParser}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfXmlParser#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.N3Parser}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.N3Parser#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.NTripleParser}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.NTripleParser#DEFAULT DEFAULT}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.TurtleParser}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.TurtleParser#DEFAULT DEFAULT}

3.1.3 - @Rdf Annotation

The {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.annotation.Rdf @Rdf} annotation is used to override the behavior of the RDF serializers and parsers on individual bean classes or properties.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.annotation.Rdf}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.annotation.Rdf#beanUri() beanUri}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.annotation.Rdf#collectionFormat() collectionFormat}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.annotation.Rdf#namespace() namespace}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.annotation.Rdf#prefix() prefix}

3.1.4 - Namespaces

You'll notice in the previous example that Juneau namespaces are used to represent bean property names. These are used by default when namespaces are not explicitly specified.

The juneau namespace is used for generic names for objects that don't have namespaces associated with them.

The juneaubp namespace is used on bean properties that don't have namespaces associated with them.

The easiest way to specify namespaces is through annotations. In this example, we're going to associate the prefix 'per' to our bean class and all properties of this class. We do this by adding the following annotation to our class:

@Rdf(prefix="per") public class Person {

In general, the best approach is to define the namespace URIs at the package level using a package-info.java class, like so:

// RDF namespaces used in this package @RdfSchema( prefix="ab", rdfNs={ @RdfNs(prefix="ab", namespaceURI="http://www.apache.org/addressBook/"), @RdfNs(prefix="per", namespaceURI="http://www.apache.org/person/"), @RdfNs(prefix="addr", namespaceURI="http://www.apache.org/address/"), @RdfNs(prefix="mail", namespaceURI="http://www.apache.org/mail/") } ) package org.apache.juneau.sample.addressbook; import org.apache.juneau.xml.annotation.*;

This assigns a default prefix of "ab" for all classes and properties within the project, and specifies various other prefixes used within this project.

Now when we rerun the sample code, we'll get the following:

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:j="http://www.apache.org/juneau/" xmlns:jp="http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/" xmlns:per="http://www.apache.org/person/"> <rdf:Description> <per:id>1</per:id> <per:name>John Smith</per:name> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>

Namespace auto-detection ({@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer#XML_autoDetectNamespaces}) is enabled on serializers by default. This causes the serializer to make a first-pass over the data structure to look for namespaces. In high-performance environments, you may want to consider disabling auto-detection and providing an explicit list of namespaces to the serializer to avoid this scanning step.

// Create a new serializer, but manually specify the namespaces. RdfSerializer s = RdfSerializer.create() .xmlabbrev() .set(RdfProperties.RDF_rdfxml_tab, 3) .autoDetectNamespaces(false) .namespaces("{per:'http://www.apache.org/person/'}") .build();

This code change will produce the same output as before, but will perform slightly better since it doesn't have to crawl the POJO tree before serializing the result.

3.1.5 - URI Properties

Bean properties of type java.net.URI or java.net.URL have special meaning to the RDF serializer. They are interpreted as resource identifiers.

In the following code, we're adding 2 new properties. The first property is annotated with @BeanProperty to identify that this property is the resource identifier for this bean. The second un-annotated property is interpreted as a reference to another resource.

public class Person { // Bean properties @Rdf(beanUri=true) public URI uri; public URI addressBookUri; ... // Normal constructor public Person(int id, String name, String uri, String addressBookUri) throws URISyntaxException { this.id = id; this.name = name; this.uri = new URI(uri); this.addressBookUri = new URI(addressBookUri); } }

We alter our code to pass in values for these new properties.

// Create our bean. Person p = new Person(1, "John Smith", "http://sample/addressBook/person/1", "http://sample/addressBook");

Now when we run the sample code, we get the following:

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:j="http://www.apache.org/juneau/" xmlns:jp="http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/" xmlns:per="http://www.apache.org/person/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://sample/addressBook/person/1"> <per:addressBookUri rdf:resource="http://sample/addressBook"/> <per:id>1</per:id> <per:name>John Smith</per:name> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.URI @URI} annotation can also be used on classes and properties to identify them as URLs when they're not instances of java.net.URI or java.net.URL (not needed if @Rdf(beanUri=true) is already specified).

The following properties would have produced the same output as before. Note that the @URI annotation is only needed on the second property.

public class Person { // Bean properties @Rdf(beanUri=true) public String uri; @URI public String addressBookUri;

Also take note of the {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_uriResolution}, {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_uriRelativity}, and and {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#SERIALIZER_uriContext} settings that can be specified on the serializer to resolve relative and context-root-relative URIs to fully-qualified URIs.

This can be useful if you want to keep the URI authority and context root information out of the bean logic layer.

The following code produces the same output as before, but the URIs on the beans are relative.

// Create a new serializer with readable output. RdfSerializer s = RdfSerializer.create() .xmlabbrev() .set(RdfProperties.RDF_rdfxml_tab, 3); .relativeUriBase("http://myhost/sample"); .absolutePathUriBase("http://myhost") .build(); // Create our bean. Person p = new Person(1, "John Smith", "person/1", "/"); // Serialize the bean to RDF/XML. String rdfXml = s.serialize(p);

3.1.6 - Root Property

For all RDF languages, the POJO objects get broken down into simple triplets. Unfortunately, for tree-structured data like the POJOs shown above, this causes the root node of the tree to become lost. There is no easy way to identify that person/1 is the root node in our tree once in triplet form, and in some cases it's impossible.

By default, the {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfParser} class handles this by scanning all the nodes and identifying the nodes without incoming references. However, this is inefficient, especially for large models. And in cases where the root node is referenced by another node in the model by URL, it's not possible to locate the root at all.

To resolve this issue, the property {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer#RDF_addRootProperty} was introduced. When enabled, this adds a special root attribute to the root node to make it easy to locate by the parser.

To enable, set the RDF_addRootProperty property to true on the serializer:

// Create a new serializer. RdfSerializer s = RdfSerializer.create() .xmlabbrev() .set(RdfProperties.RDF_rdfxml_tab, 3), .addRootProperty(true) .build();

Now when we rerun the sample code, we'll see the added root attribute on the root resource.

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:j="http://www.apache.org/juneau/" xmlns:jp="http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/" xmlns:per="http://www.apache.org/person/" xmlns:mail="http://www.apache.org/mail/" xmlns:addr="http://www.apache.org/address/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://sample/addressBook/person/1"> <j:root>true</j:root> <per:addressBookUri rdf:resource="http://sample/addressBook"/> <per:id>1</per:id> <per:name>John Smith</per:name> <per:addresses> <rdf:Seq> <rdf:li> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://sample/addressBook/address/1"> <addr:personUri rdf:resource="http://sample/addressBook/person/1"/> <addr:id>1</addr:id> <mail:street>100 Main Street</mail:street> <mail:city>Anywhereville</mail:city> <mail:state>NY</mail:state> <mail:zip>12345</mail:zip> <addr:isCurrent>true</addr:isCurrent> </rdf:Description> </rdf:li> </rdf:Seq> </per:addresses> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>

3.1.7 - Typed Literals

XML-Schema data-types can be added to non-String literals through the {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer#RDF_addLiteralTypes} setting.

To enable, set the RDF_addLiteralTypes property to true on the serializer:

// Create a new serializer (revert back to namespace autodetection). RdfSerializer s = RdfSerializer.create() .xmlabbrev() .set(RdfProperties.RDF_rdfxml_tab, 3), .addLiteralTypes(true) .build();

Now when we rerun the sample code, we'll see the added root attribute on the root resource.

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:j="http://www.apache.org/juneau/" xmlns:jp="http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/" xmlns:per="http://www.apache.org/person/" xmlns:mail="http://www.apache.org/mail/" xmlns:addr="http://www.apache.org/address/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://sample/addressBook/person/1"> <per:addressBookUri rdf:resource="http://sample/addressBook"/> <per:id rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#int">1</per:id> <per:name>John Smith</per:name> <per:addresses> <rdf:Seq> <rdf:li> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://sample/addressBook/address/1"> <addr:personUri rdf:resource="http://sample/addressBook/person/1"/> <addr:id rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#int">1</addr:id> <mail:street>100 Main Street</mail:street> <mail:city>Anywhereville</mail:city> <mail:state>NY</mail:state> <mail:zip rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#int">12345</mail:zip> <addr:isCurrent rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean">true</addr:isCurrent> </rdf:Description> </rdf:li> </rdf:Seq> </per:addresses> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>

4 - juneau-dto

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-dto</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-dto-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.dto_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

The juneau-dto library contains several predefined POJOs for generating commonly-used document types. This section describes support for these POJOs.

4.1 - HTML5

The Juneau HTML5 DTOs are simply beans with fluent-style setters that allow you to quickly construct HTML fragments as Java objects. These object can then be serialized to HTML using one of the existing HTML serializers, or to other languages such as JSON using the JSON serializers.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.HtmlBuilder} class is a utility class with predefined static methods that allow you to easily construct DTO instances in a minimal amount of code.

The following examples show how to create HTML tables.

Java code HTML
import static org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.HtmlBuilder.*; Object mytable = table( tr( th("c1"), th("c2") ), tr( td("v1"), td("v2") ) ); String html = HtmlSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(mytable); <table> <tr> <th>c1</th> <th>c2</th> </tr> <tr> <td>v1</td> <td>v2</td> </tr> </table>
import static org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.HtmlBuilder.*; Object mydiv = div().align("center").onmouseover("alert(\"boo!\");") .children( p("Juneau supports ", b(i("mixed")), " content!") ); String html = HtmlSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(mydiv); <div align='center' onmouseover='alert("boo!");'> <p>Juneau supports <b><i>mixed</i></b> content!</p> </table>
import static org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.HtmlBuilder.*; Object myform = form().action("/submit").method("POST") .children( "Position (1-10000): ", input("number").name("pos").value(1), br(), "Limit (1-10000): ", input("number").name("limit").value(100), br(), button("submit", "Submit"), button("reset", "Reset") ); String html = HtmlSerializer.DEFAULT.serialize(myform); <form action='/submit' method='POST'> Position (1-10000): <input name='pos' type='number' value='1'/><br/> Limit (1-10000): <input name='pos' type='number' value='100'/><br/> <button type='submit'>Submit</button> <button type='reset'>Reset</button> </form>

Using the HTML5 DTOs, you should be able to construct any valid HTML5 from full document bodies to any possible fragments.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlParser} class can be used convert these HTML documents back into POJOs.

Other serializers and parsers (e.g. {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer}) can be used to represent these POJOs in languages other than HTML.

Additional Information - org.apache.juneau.dto.html5
  1. {@doc org.apache.juneau.dto.html5#Overview Overview}

    1. {@doc org.apache.juneau.dto.html5#Serialize Generating HTML5}

    2. {@doc org.apache.juneau.dto.html5#Parse Parsing HTML5}

    3. {@doc org.apache.juneau.dto.html5#Templates HTML5 Templates}

4.2 - Atom

The Juneau ATOM feed DTOs are simply beans with fluent-style setters. The following code shows a feed being created programmatically using the {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.atom.AtomBuilder} class.

import static org.apache.juneau.dto.atom.AtomBuilder.*; Feed feed = feed("tag:juneau.apache.org", "Juneau ATOM specification", "2016-01-02T03:04:05Z") .subtitle(text("html").text("Describes <em>stuff</em> about Juneau")) .links( link("alternate", "text/html", "http://juneau.apache.org").hreflang("en"), link("self", "application/atom+xml", "http://juneau.apache.org/feed.atom") ) .rights("Copyright (c) ...") .generator( generator("Juneau").uri("http://juneau.apache.org/").version("1.0") ) .entries( entry("tag:juneau.sample.com,2013:1.2345", "Juneau ATOM specification snapshot", "2016-01-02T03:04:05Z") .links( link"alternate", "text/html", "http://juneau.apache.org/juneau.atom"), link("enclosure", "audio/mpeg", "http://juneau.apache.org/audio/juneau_podcast.mp3").length(1337) ) .published("2016-01-02T03:04:05Z") .authors( person("Jane Smith").uri("http://juneau.apache.org/").email("janesmith@apache.org") ) .contributors( person("John Smith") ) .content( content("xhtml") .lang("en") .base("http://www.apache.org/") .text("<div><p><i>[Update: Juneau supports ATOM.]</i></p></div>") ) );

To serialize this to ATOM, use the {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlSerializer} class:

Example with no namespaces

// Create a serializer with readable output, no namespaces yet. XmlSerializer s = XmlSerializer.create().sq().ws().build(); // Serialize to ATOM/XML String atomXml = s.serialize(feed);

Results

<feed> <id> tag:juneau.apache.org </id> <link href='http://juneau.apache.org/' rel='alternate' type='text/html' hreflang='en'/> <link href='http://juneau.apache.org/feed.atom' rel='self' type='application/atom+xml'/> <rights> Copyright (c) ... </rights> <title type='text'> Juneau ATOM specification </title> <updated>2016-01-02T03:04:05Z</updated> <generator uri='http://juneau.apache.org/' version='1.0'> Juneau </generator> <subtitle type='html'> Describes <em>stuff</em> about Juneau </subtitle> <entry> <author> <name>Jane Smith</name> <uri>http://juneau.apache.org/</uri> <email>janesmith@apache.org</email> </author> <contributor> <name>John Smith</name> </contributor> <id> tag:juneau.apache.org </id> <link href='http://juneau.apache.org/juneau.atom' rel='alternate' type='text/html'/> <link href='http://juneau.apache.org/audio/juneau_podcast.mp3' rel='enclosure' type='audio/mpeg' length='12345'/> <title> Juneau ATOM specification snapshot </title> <updated>2016-01-02T03:04:05Z</updated> <content base='http://www.apache.org/' lang='en' type='xhtml'> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" ><p><i>[Update: Juneau supports ATOM.]</i></p></div> </content> <published>2016-01-02T03:04:05Z</published> </entry> </feed>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.xml.XmlParser} class can be used convert these Atom documents back into POJOs.

Other serializers and parsers (e.g. {@link org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer}) can be used to represent these POJOs in languages other than XML.

Additional Information - org.apache.juneau.dto.atom
  1. {@doc org.apache.juneau.dto.atom#Overview Overview}

    1. {@doc org.apache.juneau.dto.atom#Serialize Serializing ATOM feeds}

      1. {@doc org.apache.juneau.dto.atom#AtomJson ATOM/JSON}

      2. {@doc org.apache.juneau.dto.atom#AtomRdfXml ATOM/RDF/XML}

      3. {@doc org.apache.juneau.dto.atom#AtomHtml ATOM/HTML}

    2. {@doc org.apache.juneau.dto.atom#Parse Parsing ATOM feeds}

4.3 - Swagger

The Juneau Swagger DTOs are simply beans with fluent-style setters that allow you to quickly construct Swagger documents as Java objects. These object can then be serialized to JSON using one of the existing JSON serializers, or to other languages such as XML or HTML using the other serializers.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.SwaggerBuilder} class is a utility class with predefined static methods that allow you to easily construct DTO instances in a minimal amount of code.

The following is an example Swagger document from the Swagger website.

{ "swagger": "2.0", "info": { "title": "Swagger Petstore", "description": "This is a sample server Petstore server.", "version": "1.0.0", "termsOfService": "http://swagger.io/terms/", "contact": { "email": "apiteam@swagger.io" }, "license": { "name": "Apache 2.0", "url": "http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html" } }, "host": "petstore.swagger.io", "basePath": "/v2", "tags": [ { "name": "pet", "description": "Everything about your Pets", "externalDocs": { "description": "Find out more", "url": "http://swagger.io" } } ], "schemes": [ "http" ], "paths": { "/pet": { "post": { "tags": [ "pet" ], "summary": "Add a new pet to the store", "description": "", "operationId": "addPet", "consumes": [ "application/json", "text/xml" ], "produces": [ "application/json", "text/xml" ], "parameters": [ { "in": "body", "name": "body", "description": "Pet object that needs to be added to the store", "required": true } ], "responses": { "405": { "description": "Invalid input" } } } } } }

This document can be generated by the following Java code:

static import org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.SwaggerBuilder.*; Swagger swagger = swagger() .swagger("2.0") .info( info("Swagger Petstore", "1.0.0") .description("This is a sample server Petstore server.") .termsOfService("http://swagger.io/terms/") .contact( contact().email("apiteam@swagger.io") ) .license( license("Apache 2.0").url("http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html") ) ) .host("petstore.swagger.io") .basePath("/v2") .tags( tag("pet").description("Everything about your Pets") .externalDocs( externalDocumentation("http://swagger.io", "http://swagger.io") ) ) .schemes("http") .path("/pet", "post", operation() .tags("pet") .summary("Add a new pet to the store") .description("") .operationId("addPet") .consumes(MediaType.JSON, MediaType.XML) .produces(MediaType.JSON, MediaType.XML) .parameters( parameterInfo("body", "body") .description("Pet object that needs to be added to the store") .required(true) ) .response(405, responseInfo("Invalid input")) ); // Serialize using JSON serializer. String swaggerJson = JsonSerializer.DEFAULT_READABLE.serialize(swagger); // Or just use toString(). String swaggerJson = swagger.toString();

Methods that take in beans and collections of beans can also take in JSON representations of those objects.

// Pass in a JSON object representation of an Info object. swagger.info("{title:'Swagger Petstore',...}");

Properties can also be accessed via the {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.SwaggerElement#get(String,Class)} and {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.SwaggerElement#set(String,Object)} methods. These methods can also be used to set and retrieve non-Swagger attributes such as "$ref" (which is not a part of the Swagger spec, but is part of the JSON Schema spec).

// Set a non-standard attribute. swagger.set("$ref", "http://foo.com"); // Retrieve a non-standard attribute. URI ref = swagger.get("$ref", URI.class);

Swagger docs can be parsed back into Swagger beans using the following code:

Swagger swagger = JsonParser.DEFAULT.parse(swaggerJson, Swagger.class);

4.4 - Swagger UI

The {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.ui.SwaggerUI} class is a DTO class for generating Swagger user interfaces from {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.Swagger} beans.

The PetStore example described later provides an example of auto-generated Swagger JSON:

Using {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.ui.SwaggerUI}, we're able to render that JSON as a Swagger user interface when the request is asking for HTML:

The class itself is nothing more than a POJO swap that swaps out {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.Swagger} beans with {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.Div} elements:

public class SwaggerUI extends PojoSwap<Swagger,Div> { @Override public MediaType[] forMediaTypes() { // Only use this swap when the Accept type is HTML. return new MediaType[] {MediaType.HTML}; } @Override public Div swap(BeanSession beanSession, Swagger swagger) throws Exception { ... } }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} class (describe later) shows how this swap is used in the REST interface to generate the Swagger UI shown above:

@RestResource( // Allow OPTIONS requests to be simulated using ?method=OPTIONS query parameter. allowedMethodParams="OPTIONS", // POJO swaps to apply to all serializers/parsers. pojoSwaps={ // Use the SwaggerUI swap when rendering Swagger beans. SwaggerUI.class }, ... ) public abstract class BasicRestServlet extends RestServlet implements BasicRestConfig { /** * [OPTIONS /*] - Show resource options. */ @RestMethod( name=OPTIONS, path="/*", summary="Swagger documentation", description="Swagger documentation for this resource.", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( // Override the nav links for the swagger page. navlinks={ "back: servlet:/", "json: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS&Accept=text/json&plainText=true" }, // Never show aside contents of page inherited from class. aside="NONE" ) ) public Swagger getOptions(RestRequest req) { // Localized Swagger for this resource is available through the RestRequest object. return req.getSwagger(); } }

5 - juneau-svl

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-svl</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-svl-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.svl_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

5.1 - Simple Variable Language

The juneau-svl module defines an API for a language called Simple Variable Language. In a nutshell, Simple Variable Language (or SVL) is text that contains variables of the form "$varName{varKey}". It is used extensively in the Config, REST and Microservice APIs.

Most variables can be recursively nested within the varKey (e.g. "$FOO{$BAR{xxx},$BAZ{xxx}}") and can return values that themselves contain more variables.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.VarResolver} class is used to resolve variables. The {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.VarResolver#DEFAULT} resolver is a reusable instance of this class configured with the following basic variables:

The following logic variables are also provided:

Example:

// Use the default variable resolver to resolve a string that contains $S (system property) variables String myProperty = VarResolver.DEFAULT.resolve("The Java home directory is $S{java.home}");

The following shows how variables can be arbitrarily nested...

// Look up a property in the following order: // 1) MYPROPERTY environment variable. // 2) 'my.property' system property if environment variable not found. // 3) 'not found' string if system property not found. String myproperty = VarResolver.DEFAULT.resolve("$E{MYPROPERTY,$S{my.property,not found}}");

5.2 - SVL Variables

Variables are defined through the {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.Var} API. The API comes with several predefined variables and is easily extensible.

The following is an example of a variable that performs URL-Encoding on strings.

// First create our var. public class UrlEncodeVar extends SimpleVar { // Must have a no-arg constructor! public UrlEncodeVar() { super("UE"); } // The method we must implement @Override public String resolve(VarResolverSession session, String key) { return URLEncoder.encode(key, "UTF-8"); } } // Next create a var resolver that extends the existing DEFAULT resolver // that supports resolving system properties. VarResolver r = VarResolver.DEFAULT .builder() .vars(UrlEncodeVar.class) .build(); // Retrieve a system property and URL-encode it if necessary. String myProperty = r.resolve("$UE{$S{my.property}}");

The following shows the class hierarchy of the {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.Var} class:

The following is the list of default variables defined in all modules:

ModuleClassPattern
juneau-svl {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.EnvVariablesVar} $E{key[,default]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.SystemPropertiesVar} $S{key[,default]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.ArgsVar} $A{key[,default]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.ManifestFileVar} $MF{key[,default]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.IfVar} $IF{arg,then[,else]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.SwitchVar} $SW{arg,pattern1:then1[,pattern2:then2...]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.CoalesceVar} $CO{arg1[,arg2...]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.PatternMatchVar} $PM{arg,pattern}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.PatternReplaceVar} $PR{arg,pattern,replace}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.PatternExtractVar} $PE{arg,pattern,groupdIndex}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.NotEmptyVar} $NE{arg}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.UpperCaseVar} $UC{arg}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.LowerCaseVar} $LC{arg}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.LenVar} $LN{arg[,delimiter]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.SubstringVar} $ST{arg,start[,end]}
juneau-config {@link org.apache.juneau.config.vars.ConfigVar} $C{key[,default]}
juneau-rest-server {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.FileVar} $F{path[,default]}}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.ServletInitParamVar} $I{name[,default]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.LocalizationVar} $L{key[,args...]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestAttributeVar} $RA{key1[,key2...]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestFormDataVar} $RF{key1[,key2...]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestHeaderVar} $RH{key1[,key2...]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestHeaderVar} $RI{key}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestPathVar} $RP{key1[,key2...]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestQueryVar} $RQ{key1[,key2...]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestVar} $R{key1[,key2...]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.SerializedRequestAttrVar} $SA{contentType,key[,default]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.SwaggerVar} $SS{key1[,key2...]}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.UrlVar} $U{uri}>
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.UrlEncodeVar} $UE{uriPart}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.WidgetVar} $W{name}

5.3 - VarResolvers and VarResolverSessions

The main class for performing variable resolution is {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.VarResolver}. Two methods are provided for resolving variables:

Var resolvers can rely on the existence of other objects. For example, {@link org.apache.juneau.config.vars.ConfigVar} relies on the existence of a {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config}. This is accomplished through the following:

The following two classes are identical in behavior except for which objects they can access:

Context and session objects are set through the following methods:

Both kinds of objects are accessible through the following method:

Var resolvers can be cloned and extended by using the {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.VarResolver#builder()} method. Cloning a resolver will copy it's {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.Var} class names and context objects.

Example:

// Create a resolver that copies the default resolver and adds $C and $A vars. VarResolver myVarResolver = VarResolver.DEFAULT .builder() .vars(ConfigVar.class, ArgsVar.class) .build();

5.4 - Other Notes

6 - juneau-config

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-config</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-config-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.config_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

6.1 - Overview

The juneau-config library contains a powerful API for creating and using INI-style config files.

Example configuration file:

# A set of entries [Section1] # An integer key1 = 1 # A boolean key2 = true # An array key3 = 1,2,3 # A POJO key4 = http://bar

Config files are access through the {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config} class which are created through the {@link org.apache.juneau.config.ConfigBuilder} class. Builder creator methods are provided on the Config class:

// Create a Config object Config c = Config.create().name("MyConfig.cfg").build(); // Shortcut Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").build();

Once instantiated, reading values from the config are simple:

// Read values from section #1 int key1 = c.getInt("Section1/key1"); boolean key2 = c.getBoolean("Section1/key2"); int[] key3 = c.getObject("Section1/key3", int[].class); URL key4 = c.getObject("Section1/key4", URL.class);

The config language may look simple, but it is a very powerful feature with many capabilities including:

6.1.1 - Syntax Rules

  • Each config file contains zero or more sections containing zero or more entries:

    [Section1] key1 = 1 [Section2] key1 = 2

  • Unicode escapes can be used in values.

    key1 = \u0070\u0075\u0062\u006c\u0069\u0063

  • Comment lines start with the '#' character and can be placed on lines before sections and entries:

    # A comment about this section [Section1] # A comment about this entry key1 = 1

  • Comments can also be placed on the same line as entries:

    key1 = 1 # A comment about this entry

  • Values containing '#' must be escaped to prevent identification as a comment character:

    valueContainingPound = Value containing \u0023 character


    Likewise, '\' should be escaped to prevent confusion with unicode escapes.
  • Values containing newlines can span multiple lines.
    Subsequent lines start with a tab character.

    multiLineValue = line 1, line 2, line 3


    When retrieved, the above translates to "line1,\nline2,\nline3".
  • Leading and trailing whitespace on values are ignored.
  • Whitespace is not ignored within multi-line values (except for the leading tab character on each line).
  • Blank lines can be used anywhere in the file.

    # A comment line # Another comment line [Section1] ...

  • Values located before any sections are considered part of the no-name section, meaning they are accessed simply by key and not section/key.

    # Top of file # Use config.getString("key1") to retrieve. key1 = val1 # The first section [Section1] # Use config.getString("Section1/key2") to retrieve. key2 = val2

  • Section and key names must be at least one character long and not consist of any of the following characters:

    / \ [ ] = #

  • Whitespace in section and key names is technically allowed but discouraged.

6.2 - Entry Types

Configuration files can contain entries for anything from primitive types up to complex hierarchies of POJOs consisting of maps, collections, and/or beans.

6.2.1 - Primitive Types

The most common case for configuration values are primitives.

# A string key1 = foo # A boolean key2 = true # An integer key3 = 123 # A long key4 = 10000000000 # Doubles key5 = 6.67e−11 key6 = Infinity

The following methods are provided for accessing primitive values:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getString(String) getString(String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getString(String,String) getString(String,String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getBoolean(String) getBoolean(String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getBoolean(String,boolean) getBoolean(String,boolean)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getInt(String) getInt(String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getInt(String,int) getInt(String,int)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getLong(String) getLong(String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getLong(String,long) getLong(String,long)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getFloat(String) getFloat(String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getFloat(String,float) getFloat(String,long)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getDouble(String) getDouble(String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getDouble(String,double) getDouble(String,long)}

On integers and longs, "K", "M", and "G" can be used to identify kilo, mega, and giga.

key1 = 100K # Same as 1024000 key2 = 100M # Same as 104857600

Numbers can also use hexadecimal and octal notation:

hex1 = 0x12FE hex2 = 0X12FE octal1 = 01234

Strings with newlines are treated as multi-line values that get broken into separate lines:

key1 = This is a particularly long sentence that we want to split onto separate lines.

Typically, multi-line values are started on the next line for clarity like so:

key1 = This is a particularly long sentence that we want to split onto separate lines.

6.2.2 - POJOs

The following methods are provided for accessing POJO values:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getObject(String,Class) getObject(String,Class)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getObjectWithDefault(String,Object,Class) getObjectWithDefault(String,T,Class)}

In theory, any {@doc PojoCategories parsable} POJO type can be represented as a config value. However in practice, we're typically talking about the following:

  • Objects convertible from Strings.
  • Beans.

An example of an object convertible from a String was already shown in an example above. In that case, it was a URL which has a public constructor that takes in a String:

# A POJO key4 = http://bar

// Read values from section #1 URL key4 = c.getObject("Section1/key4", URL.class);

Beans are represented as {@doc juneau-marshall.JsonDetails.SimplifiedJson Simplified JSON} by default:

// Contact information [ContactInfo] address = { street: '123 Main Street', city: 'Anywhere', state: 'NY', zip: 12345 }

// Example bean public class Address { public String street, city; public StateEnum state; public int zip; } // Example usage Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").build(); Address myAddress = c.getObject("ContactInfo/address", Address.class);

The format for beans depends on the serializer and parser registered on the Config which is defined in the builder via the following methods:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.ConfigBuilder}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.ConfigBuilder#serializer(Class) serializer(Class)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.ConfigBuilder#serializer(WriterSerializer) serializer(WriterSerializer)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.ConfigBuilder#parser(Class) parser(Class)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.ConfigBuilder#parser(ReaderParser) parser(ReaderParser)}

The default parser can also be overridden on the following getters:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getObject(String,Parser,Class) getObject(String,Parser,Class)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getObjectWithDefault(String,Parser,Object,Class) getObjectWithDefault(String,T,Parser,Class)}

6.2.3 - Arrays

The following methods are provided for accessing arrays:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getStringArray(String) getStringArray(String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getStringArray(String,String[]) getStringArray(String,String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getObject(String,Class) getObject(String,Class)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getObject(String,Parser,Class) getObject(String,Parser,Class)}

The getStringArray() methods allow you to retrieve comma-delimited lists of values:

key1 = foo, bar, baz

String[] key1 = c.getStringArray("key1");

String arrays can also be represented in JSON when using the getObject() methods:

key1 = ['foo','bar','baz']

String[] key1 = c.getObject("key1", String.class);

Primitive arrays can also be retrieved using the getObject() methods:

key1 = [1,2,3]

int[] key1 = c.getObject("key1", int[].class);

Arrays of POJOs can also be retrieved using the getObject() methods:

addresses = [ { street: '123 Main Street', city: 'Anywhere', state: 'NY', zip: 12345 }, { street: '456 Main Street', city: 'Anywhere', state: 'NY', zip: 12345 } ]

Address[] addresses = c.getObject("addresses", Address[].class);

6.2.4 - Collections

The following methods are provided for accessing maps and collections:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getObject(String,Type,Type...) getObject(String,Type,Type...)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getObject(String,Parser,Type,Type...) getObject(String,Parser,Type,Type...)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getObjectWithDefault(String,Object,Type,Type...) getObjectWithDefault(String,T,Type,Type...)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getObjectWithDefault(String,Parser,Object,Type,Type...) getObjectWithDefault(String,T,Parser,Type,Type...)}

The Type,Type... arguments allow you to specify the component types for maps and collections. List class arguments can be followed by zero or one arguments representing the entry types. Map class arguments can be followed by zero or two arguments representing the key and value types. The arguments can be chained to produce any data structure consisting of maps, collections, or POJOs.

Examples are shown below:

  • getObject("...", List.class)
    Produces: List<?>
  • getObject("...", LinkedList.class)
    Produces: LinkedList<?>
  • getObject("...", HashSet.class, Integer.class)
    Produces: HashSet<Integer>
  • getObject("...", Map.class)
    Produces: Map<?,?>
  • getObject("...", HashMap.class)
    Produces: HashMap<?,?>
  • getObject("...", LinkedHashMap.class, String.class, MyBean.class)
    Produces: LinkedHashMap<String,MyBean>
  • getObject("...", HashMap.class, Integer.class, ArrayList.class, MyBean[].class)
    Produces: LinkedHashMap<Integer,ArrayList<MyBean[]>>
Example:

addresses = [ { street: '123 Main Street', city: 'Anywhere', state: 'NY', zip: 12345 }, { street: '456 Main Street', city: 'Anywhere', state: 'NY', zip: 12345 } ]

List<Address> addresses = c.getObject("addresses", ArrayList.class, Address.class);

Oftentimes, it might be useful to parse into the {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectList} and {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectMap} classes that provide the various convenience methods for working with JSON-like data structures:

ObjectMap m = c.getObject("key1", ObjectMap.class); ObjectList l = c.getObject("key2", ObjectList.class);

6.2.5 - Binary Data

The following methods are provided for accessing binary data:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getBytes(String) getBytes(String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getBytes(String,byte[]) getBytes(String,byte[])}

Binary data can be represented in 3 formats:

  • BASE-64 (default)
    Example: "Zm9vYmFycw=="
  • Hexadecimal
    Example: "666F6F62617273"
  • Spaced hexadecimal
    Example: "66 6F 6F 62 61 72 73"

The binary data format is controlled via the following setting:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#CONFIG_binaryFormat}

For example:

key = Zm9vYmFycw==

byte[] bytes = c.getBytes("key");

Binary lines can be split up into separate lines for readability:

key = Zm9vYm Fycw==

Binary data line wrapping can be controlled via the following setting:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#CONFIG_binaryLineLength}

6.3 - Variables

Config files can contain variables that get resolved dynamically using the previously-described {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.VarResolver} API.

Example:

#-------------------------- # My section #-------------------------- [MySection] # A system property locale = $S{java.locale, en_US} # An environment variable path = $E{PATH, unknown} # Another value in this config file anotherLocale = $C{MySection/locale} # Look for system property, or env var if that doesn't exist, or a default value if that doesn't exist. nested = $S{mySystemProperty,$E{MY_ENV_VAR,$C{MySection/anotherLocale}}} # A POJO with embedded variables aBean = {foo:'$S{foo}',baz:$C{MySection/anInt}}

Config c = Config.create().build(); Locale locale = cf.getObject("MySection/locale", Locale.class); String path = cf.getString("MySection/path"); int sameAsAnInt = cf.getInt("MySection/sameAsAnInt"); ABean bean = cf.getObject("MySection/aBean", ABean.class);

By default, Configs use the {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.VarResolver#DEFAULT} variable resolver which provides support for the following variables and constructs:

The variable resolver is controlled via the following setting:

Additionally, the following method can be used to retrieve a Config with a different variable resolver:

6.3.1 - Logic Variables

The default variable resolver also provides the following logic variables for performing simple logical operations:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.IfVar} - $IF{arg,then[,else]}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.SwitchVar} - $SW{arg,pattern1:then1[,pattern2:then2...]}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.CoalesceVar} - $CO{arg1[,arg2...]}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.PatternMatchVar} - $PM{arg,pattern}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.NotEmptyVar} - $NE{arg}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.UpperCaseVar} - $UC{arg}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.LowerCaseVar} - $LC{arg}

The $IF variable can be used for simple if/else logic:

# Value set to 'foo' if myBooleanProperty is true key1 = $IF{ $S{myBooleanProperty}, foo } # Value set to 'foo' if myBooleanProperty is true, 'bar' if false. key2 = $IF{ $S{myBooleanProperty}, foo, bar } # Value set to key1 value if myBooleanProperty is true, key2 value if false. key3 = $IF{ $S{myBooleanProperty}, $C{key1}, $C{key2} }

The $SW variable can be used for switch blocks based on pattern matching:

# Shell command depends on the OS shellCommand = $SW{ $LC{$S{os.name}}, *win*: bat, linux: bash, *: sh }

The $CO variable can be used for coalescing of values (finding the first non-null/empty match):

# Debug flag can be enabled by system property or environment variable. debug = $CO{ $S{debug}, $E{DEBUG}, false }

The $PM variable can be used for calculating boolean values:

# Debug flag can be enabled by system property or environment variable. isWindows = $PM{ $LC{$S{os.name}}, *win* }

6.4 - Encoded Entries

Encoded entries allow for sensitive information such as passwords to be obfuscated.

Encoded entries are denoted with a '*' character at the end of the key name.

For example, the following password is marked for encoding:

[MyHost] url = http://localhost:9080/foo user = me password* = {AwwJVhwUQFZEMg==}

The default encoder is {@link org.apache.juneau.config.encode.ConfigXorEncoder} which is a simple XOR+Base64 encoder.

Custom encoders can be used to provide your own encoding support by implementing the {@link org.apache.juneau.config.encode.ConfigEncoder} interface.

Encoders are controlled via the following setting:

Encoded values can be set to plain-text values. The curly brackets around the value identify whether the value has been encoded or not.

Unencoded values are encoded when the file is saved using the {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#commit()} method. They can also be encoded immediately by calling {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#encodeEntries()}.

6.5 - Section Maps

Config sections can be retrieved in-bulk using {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getSectionAsMap(String)}.

Example:

// Example config file [MyAddress] street = 123 Main Street city = Anywhere state = NY zip = 12345

// Example usage Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").build(); ObjectMap m = c.getSectionAsMap("MyAddress"); String street = m.getString("street"); String city = m.getString("city"); String state = m.getString("state"); int zip = m.getInt("zip");

Maps created this way are snapshot copies of the section at the time of the method call.

6.6 - Section Beans

Config files can also be used to directly populate beans using {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getSectionAsBean(String,Class,boolean)}.

Example:

// Example config file [MyAddress] street = 123 Main Street city = Anywhere state = NY zip = 12345

// Example bean public class Address { public String street, city; public StateEnum state; public int zip; } // Example usage Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").build(); Address myAddress = c.getSectionAsBean("MyAddress", Address.class);

Like maps, beans created this way are snapshot copies of the section at the time of the method call.

6.7 - Section Interfaces

Config sections can also be accessed via interface proxies using {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getSectionAsInterface(String,Class)}.

While section maps and beans retrieve copies of the configuration data at the time of the method call, section interfaces can also be use to set values in the underlying configuration.

Example:

// Example config file [MySection] string = foo int = 123 enum = ONE bean = {foo:'bar',baz:123} int3dArray = [[[123,null],null],null] bean1d3dListMap = {key:[[[[{foo:'bar',baz:123}]]]]}

// Example interface. // Setters are optional. public interface MyConfigInterface { String getString(); void setString(String x); int getInt(); void setInt(int x); MyEnum getEnum(); void setEnum(MyEnum x); MyBean getBean(); void setBean(MyBean x); int[][][] getInt3dArray(); void setInt3dArray(int[][][] x); Map<String,List<MyBean[][][]>> getBean1d3dListMap(); void setBean1d3dListMap(Map<String,List<MyBean[][][]>> x); } // Example usage. Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").build(); MyConfigInterface ci = c.getSectionAsInterface("MySection", MyConfigInterface.class); // Read a value. int myInt = ci.getInt(); // Write a value. ci.setBean(new MyBean()); // Commit your changes to the store. c.commit();

6.8 - Setting Values

The following methods allow you to add, remove, and modify entries and sections in a config file:

// Construct the sample config file programmatically Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").build() .set("key1", 1) .set("key2", true) .set("key3", new int[]{1,2,3}) .set("key4", new URI("http://foo")) .set("Section1/key1", 2) .set("Section1/key2", false) .set("Section1/key3", new int[]{4,5,6}) .set("Section1/key4", new URI("http://bar")) .commit();

The method {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#set(String,Object,Serializer,ConfigMod[],String,List)} can be used for adding comments and pre-lines to entries, and specifying encoded values.

// Set an encoded value with some comments. c.set("key1", 1, null, ConfigMod.ENCODED, "Same-line comment", Arrays.asList( "# Comment 1", "", "# Comment 2" ) );

# Comment 1 # Comment 2 key1 = 1 # Same-line comment

The last 4 arguments in {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#set(String,Object,Serializer,ConfigMod[],String,List)} are optional in that if you pass null, the current value will not be overwritten. To unset the same-line comment, you should pass in a blank string. To remove pre-lines, you should pass in an empty list.

Sections can be added with optional pre-lines using the setSection methods:

// Set an encoded value with some comments. c.setSection("NewSection", Arrays.asList( "# Section comment 1", "", "# Section comment 2" ) );

# Section comment 1 # Section comment 2 [NewSection]

Changes made to the configuration are transactional in nature. They are kept in memory until you call the {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#commit()} method. Until then, you still see the modified values when you call any of the getters, but the modified values exist only in memory.

Changes can be rolled back using the {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#rollback()} method.

6.8.1 - File System Changes

In general, external file modifications will be detected immediately in the Config object when a watcher thread is enabled (explained later). Otherwise, they are detected when a commit is performed.

The Config object maintains an in-memory record of all changes that have been applied to it through getters and setters. When the underlying file changes, the new contents are loaded and the in-memory changes are then applied to the new configuration. This provides the benefits of real-time updates of configurations while not losing any changes made in the JVM.

If the commit() method is called on the Config objects after the file system contents have been modified, we will then reload the configuration from the file system, apply the changes, and then try to save to the file system again (up to 10 times).

If the same entry is both internally and externally modified, the external modification will be overwritten (although both change events will be seen by listeners).

6.8.2 - Custom Entry Serialization

Setter methods that take in a Serializer can be used to provide custom serialization of entries instead of using the predefined serializer.

// Set an XML value instead of JSON. c.set("key1", myAddress, XmlSerializer.DEFAULT_SQ_READABLE);

key1 = <address> <street>123 Main Street</street> <city>Anywhere</city> <state>NY</state> <zip>12345</zip> </address>

The value can then be retrieved using the equivalent parser:

Address myAddress = c.getObject("key1", XmlParser.DEFAULT, Address.class);

6.8.3 - Setting Values in Bulk

The following methods can be used to bulk-load configuration values:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#setSection(String,List,Map) setSection(String,List,Map)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#load(Map) load(Map)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#load(Reader,boolean) load(Reader,boolean)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#load(String,boolean) load(String,boolean)}

Changes can then be committed using the {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#commit()} method.

6.9 - Listeners

Configuration change events can be listened for using the following methods:

The {@link org.apache.juneau.config.event.ConfigEventListener} interface consists of the following method:

The {@link org.apache.juneau.config.event.ConfigEvent} class provides access to all the information about the updated entry:

The listener method is triggered:

In both cases, the listener is triggered after the changes have been committed.

final Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").build(); // Add a listener for changes to MySection/key1 c.addListener( new ConfigEventListener() { @Override public void onConfigChange(ConfigEvents) { for (ConfigEvent event : events) { if (event.getType() == SET_ENTRY) { String section = event.getSection(); String key = event.getKey(); if (section.equals("MySection") && key.equals("key1")) { // Get the new value from the event. String newVal = event.getValue(); // Or get the new value from the config (since the change has already been committed). newVal = c.getString("MySection/key1"); } } } } } )

6.10 - Serializing

The following methods are used for serializing Config objects back into INI files:

Both methods are thread safe.

The Config class implements the {@link org.apache.juneau.Writable} which means it can be returned as-is by REST methods to be serialized as INI text.

6.11 - Config Stores

Configuration files are stored in entities called Stores.

The methods that need to be implemented on a store are:

Read is self-explanatory:

public String read(String name) { // Return the contents of the specified configuration. }

Write is slightly trickier:

public String write(String name, String oldContents, String newContents) { // If the old contents match the current stored contents, the new contents will get stored, // and the method returns null indicating success. // If the old contents DO NOT match the current stored contents (i.e. it was modified in some way), // the new contents are NOT stored, and the method returns the current stored contents. // If the old contents are null, then just always write the new contents. }

The update method is called whenever the stored file gets modified externally:

public String update(String name, String newContents) { // Do something with the updated contents. }

Two configuration stores are provided by default:

The store is defined on the Config object via the following setting:

Example:

// Create a config with in-memory storage. Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").store(ConfigMemoryStore.DEFAULT).build();

The default store used is {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigFileStore#DEFAULT} which defines the execution directory as the file system directory to store and retrieve files.

6.11.1 - ConfigMemoryStore

The {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigMemoryStore} class is simply an in-memory storage location for configuration files. There is no hard persistence and is used primarily for testing purposes.

However, the implementation provides a good idea on how stores work (especially the write method):

public class ConfigMemoryStore extends ConfigStore { // Some methods ommitted. private final ConcurrentHashMap<String,String> cache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); @Override /* ConfigStore */ public synchronized String read(String name) { return emptyIfNull(cache.get(name)); } @Override /* ConfigStore */ public synchronized String write(String name, String expectedContents, String newContents) { // This is a no-op. if (isEquals(expectedContents, newContents)) return null; String currentContents = read(name); if (expectedContents != null && ! isEquals(currentContents, expectedContents)) return currentContents; update(name, newContents); // Success! return null; } @Override /* ConfigStore */ public synchronized ConfigMemoryStore update(String name, String newContents) { cache.put(name, newContents); super.update(name, newContents); // Trigger any listeners. return this; } }

6.11.2 - ConfigFileStore

The {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigFileStore} is the typical store used for configuration files. It provides the following configurable settings:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigFileStore}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigFileStore#FILESTORE_charset FILESTORE_charset}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigFileStore#FILESTORE_directory FILESTORE_directory}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigFileStore#FILESTORE_updateOnWrite FILESTORE_updateOnWrite}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigFileStore#FILESTORE_useWatcher FILESTORE_useWatcher}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigFileStore#FILESTORE_watcherSensitivity FILESTORE_watcherSensitivity}
Example:

// Create a config store with a watcher thread and high sensitivity. ConfigFileStore fs = ConfigFileStore.create().directory("configs").useWatcher().watcherSensitivity(HIGH).build(); // Create a config using the store defined above. Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").store(fs).build();

6.11.3 - Custom ConfigStores

The ConfigStore API has been written to allow easy development of custom configuration storage classes.

The example below shows a starting point for an implementation based on polling a relational database. Completing it is left as an exercise:

Example Store Class:

public class ConfigSqlStore extends ConfigStore { // Configurable properties static final String CONFIGSQLSTORE_jdbcUrl = "ConfigSqlStore.jdbcUrl.s", CONFIGSQLSTORE_tableName = "ConfigSqlStore.tableName.s", CONFIGSQLSTORE_nameColumn = "ConfigSqlStore.nameColumn.s", CONFIGSQLSTORE_valueColumn = "ConfigSqlStore.valueColumn.s", CONFIGSQLSTORE_pollInterval = "ConfigSqlStore.pollInterval.i"; // Instance fields private final String jdbcUrl; private final String tableName, nameColumn, valueColumn; private final Timer watcher; private final ConcurrentHashMap<String,String> cache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); // Constructor called from builder. protected ConfigSqlStore(PropertyStore ps) { super(ps); this.jdbcUrl = getStringProperty(CONFIGSQLSTORE_jdbcUrl, "jdbc:derby:mydb"); this.tableName = getStringProperty(CONFIGSQLSTORE_tableName); this.nameColumn = getStringProperty(CONFIGSQLSTORE_nameColumn); this.valueColumn = getStringProperty(CONFIGSQLSTORE_valueColumn); int pollInterval = getStringProperty(CONFIGSQLSTORE_pollInterval, 600); TimerTask timerTask = new TimerTask() { @Override public void run() { ConfigSqlStore.this.poll(); } }; this.watcher = new Timer("MyTimer"); watcher.scheduleAtFixedRate(timerTask, 0, pollInterval * 10000); } private synchronized void poll() { // Loop through all our entries and find the latest values. for (Map.Entry<String,String> e : cache.entrySet()) { String name = e.getKey(); String cacheContents = e.getValue(); String newContents = getDatabaseValue(name); // Change detected! if (! cacheContents.equals(newContents)) update(name, newContents); } } // Reads the value from the database. protected String getDatabaseValue(String name) { // Implement me! } @Override /* ConfigStore */ public synchronized String read(String name) { String contents = cache.get(name); if (contents == null) { contents = getDatabaseValue(name); update(name, contents); } return contents; } @Override /* ConfigStore */ public synchronized String write(String name, String expectedContents, String newContents) { // This is a no-op. if (isEquals(expectedContents, newContents)) return null; String currentContents = read(name); if (expectedContents != null && ! isEquals(currentContents, expectedContents)) return currentContents; update(name, newContents); // Success! return null; } @Override /* ConfigStore */ public synchronized ConfigSqlStore update(String name, String newContents) { cache.put(name, newContents); super.update(name, newContents); // Trigger any listeners. return this; } @Override /* Closeable */ public synchronized void close() { if (watcher != null) watcher.cancel(); } }

The purpose of the builder class is to simply set values in the {@link org.apache.juneau.PropertyStore} that's passed to the ConfigStore:

Example Builder Class:

public class ConfigSqlStoreBuilder extends ConfigStoreBuilder { public ConfigSqlStoreBuilder() { super(); } public ConfigSqlStoreBuilder(PropertyStore ps) { super(ps); } public ConfigSqlStoreBuilder jdbcUrl(String value) { super.set(CONFIGSQLSTORE_jdbcUrl, value); return this; } public ConfigSqlStoreBuilder tableName(String value) { super.set(CONFIGSQLSTORE_tableName, value); return this; } public ConfigSqlStoreBuilder nameColumn(String value) { super.set(CONFIGSQLSTORE_nameColumn, value); return this; } public ConfigSqlStoreBuilder valueColumn(String value) { super.set(CONFIGSQLSTORE_valueColumn, value); return this; } public ConfigSqlStoreBuilder pollInterval(int value) { super.set(CONFIGSQLSTORE_pollInterval, value); return this; } @Override /* ContextBuilder */ public ConfigFileStore build() { return new ConfigFileStore(getPropertyStore()); } }

6.11.4 - ConfigStore Listeners

The ConfigStore class has the following listener methods:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigStore}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigStore#register(String,ConfigStoreListener) register(String,ConfigStoreListener)} - Register a listener on the specified config name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigStore#unregister(String,ConfigStoreListener) unregister(String,ConfigStoreListener)} - Unregister a listener on the specified config name.

Note that this is a different listener than {@link org.apache.juneau.config.event.ConfigEventListener}. In this case, we're just listening for changed files:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigStoreListener}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.store.ConfigStoreListener#onChange(String)} - Called when file changes. New contents are passed in.

This listener is used by the Config class to listen for changes on the file system so that it can be updated in real-time.

6.12 - Read-only Configs

The following settings can be used to create read-only Config objects:

Example:

// Create a read-only config Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").readOnly().build();

This causes all methods that make modifications to throw {@link java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException}.

6.13 - Closing Configs

In general, it's good practice to close Config if you're only creating them temporarily so that their listeners get unregistered from the underlying storage APIs.

Example:

// Create a transient config. Config c = Config.create("MyConfig.cfg").build(); // Do stuff with it. // Then close the config to unregister the listeners. c.close();

6.14 - System Default Config

Each JVM has a system default config. This is a configuration file that serves as the default configuration for the system. It's accessed using the following static methods:

If you do not specify a system default config, one will be automatically searched for. The search is done in the following order:

  1. If the system property "juneau.configFile" is set, we search for this file in first the home directory and then the classpath.
  2. In the home directory:
    1. <jar-name>.cfg
    2. Any file that end with .cfg. First one matched alphabetically is used.
  3. In the context classpath (i.e. inside the jar itself):
    1. <jar-name>.cfg
    2. juneau.cfg
    3. default.cfg

Later in the section on REST resources, we describe how to associate configurations with REST resources using the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#config() @RestResource(config)} annotation. The system default configuration can be referenced with the keyword SYSTEM_DEFAULT like so:

// Always use system default. @RestResource(config="SYSTEM_DEFAULT") // Use system property if set or the system default if not. @RestResource(config="$S{juneau.configFile,SYSTEM_DEFAULT}")

7 - juneau-rest-server

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-rest-server</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-rest-server-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.rest.server_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

The juneau-rest-server library allows you to quickly wrap POJOs and expose them as full-fledged REST resources served up in a servlet container using a bare-minimum amount of code. The primary goal for Juneau was to make it as easy as possible to implement easy-to-read and self-documenting REST resources using very little code.

One of the biggest advantages of the Juneau REST framework over similar architectures is that it hides the serialization layer from the developer. The developer can work entirely with POJOs and let the Juneau framework handle all the serialization and parsing work. The developer need never know what the Accept or Content-Type or Accept-Encoding (etc...) header values are because those details are all handled by the framework.

The API builds upon the existing JEE Servlet API. The root class, {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet} is nothing but a specialized {@link javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet}, and the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest} and {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse} classes are nothing more than specialized {@link javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest} and {@link javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse} objects. This allows maximum flexibility for the developer since you can let Juneau handle operations such as serialization, or you can revert to the existing servlet APIs to do low-level processing of requests yourself. It also means you need nothing more than a Servlet container such as Jetty to use the REST framework.

Features

Many of the examples in this document are pulled directly from juneau-examples-rest.

7.1 - Hello World Example

A REST resource is simply a Java class annotated with {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource}. The most common case is a class that extends {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet}, which itself is simply an extension of {@link javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet} which allows it to be deployed as a servlet.

In this example, we define a resource called HelloWorldResource. This example is located in the juneau-examples-rest project. It's assumed the reader is familiar with defining servlets in web applications.

Like any servlet, we could define our resource in the web.xml file of the web application like so...

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app version="2.3"> <servlet> <servlet-name>HelloWorldResource</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.foo.sample.HelloWorldResource</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>HelloWorldResource</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app>

Our servlet code is shown below:

// Sample REST resource that prints out a simple "Hello world!" message. @RestResource( path="/helloWorld", title="Hello World", description="An example of the simplest-possible resource", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS" }, aside={ "<div style='max-width:400px' class='text'>", " <p>This page shows a resource that simply response with a 'Hello world!' message</p>", " <p>The POJO serialized is a simple String.</p>", "</div>" } ) ) public class HelloWorldResource extends BasicRestServlet { @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/*", summary="Responds with \"Hello world!\"") public String sayHello() { return "Hello world!"; } }

This is what it looks like in a browser:

http://localhost:10000/helloWorld

It doesn't much simpler than that. In this case, we're simply returning a string that will be converted to any of the supported languages (e.g. JSON, XML, HTML, ...). However, we could have returned any POJO consisting of beans, maps, collections, etc...

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} class that we're using here is a subclass of {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet} that provides default support for a variety of content types. Implementers can choose to use this class, or create their own subclass of {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet} with their own specialized serializers and parsers.

7.2 - Class Hierarchy

The class hierarchy for the REST servlet class is shown below:

The servlets with RDF support require Jena on the classpath. All other serializers and parsers do not have any external library dependencies. For this reason, we have separate servlets for supporting RDF so that you don't need Jena if you don't need to support RDF.

Everything is configured through the following classes which you will see a lot:

7.3 - Instantiation

REST resources are deployed in one of two ways:

When deployed in a J2EE container, you MUST extend from one of the servlet classes.

When deployed as a child of another resource, you MAY extend from one of the servlet classes but it's not necessary. The only requirement is that the class be annotated with @RestResource and have one of the following constructors:

And even that requirement is relaxed if you implement your own REST resource resolver (described later).

For example:

// Top level resource is deployed like any other servlet and must subclass from RestServlet. @RestResource( path="/top", children={ ChildResource.class // Accessed via URI "/top/child" } ) public class TopLevelResource extends BasicRestServlet {...}

// Child resources can inherit from RestServlet but it's not a requirement. @RestResource( path="/child" ) public class ChildResource extends WhateverYouWant {...}

That's all there is to it! There's no code scanning, module configuration/initialization classes, or anything complex like that. It's just a servlet.

7.3.1 - RestServlet

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet} class is the entry point for your REST resources. It extends directly from HttpServlet and is deployed like any other servlet.

When the servlet init() method is called, it triggers the code to find and process the @RestResource annotations on that class and all child classes. These get constructed into a {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext} object that holds all the configuration information about your resource in a read-only object.

Most developers are not going to be using the RestServlet class itself, and instead will extend from one of the preconfigured default servlets such as {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet}. The RestServlet class by itself is not configured with any serializers and parsers, and therefore not very useful on it's own. However, the class does provide a couple of convenience methods to be aware of:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet} extends HttpServlet
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet#init(ServletConfig) init(ServletConfig)} - Can override to provide custom initialization.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet#service(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse) service(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse)} - Can override to provide custom request handling.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet#destroy() destroy()} - Can override to provide custom cleanup.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet#getContext() getContext()} - Returns all aspects of the configuration of your resource pulled from all annotations on the class/parent-classes and methods.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet#log(Level,String,Object...) log(Level,String,Object...)} - Convenience logging method.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet#log(Level,Throwable,String,Object...) log(Level,Throwable,String,Object...)} - Convenience logging method.

7.3.2 - BasicRestServlet

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} class is a subclass of {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet} preconfigured with the following:

  • A default set of serializers and parsers (pretty much all of them except for the RDF ones).
  • Some basic HTML boilerplate for the HTML representation of your POJOs.
  • Support for auto-generated Swagger documentation through OPTIONS page requests.
  • Configuration of default CSS stylesheets.
  • Default contents for HTML views.

The contents of the class is shown below. You should notice that very little code is being used and everything is configurable through annotations:

@RestResource( // Allow OPTIONS requests to be simulated using ?method=OPTIONS query parameter. allowedMethodParams="OPTIONS", // HTML-page specific settings. htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( // Basic page navigation links. navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS" } ) ) public abstract class BasicRestServlet extends RestServlet implements BasicRestConfig { /** * [OPTIONS /*] - Show resource options. * * @param req The HTTP request. * @return A bean containing the contents for the OPTIONS page. */ @RestMethod(name=OPTIONS, path="/*", summary="Swagger documentation", description="Swagger documentation for this resource.", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( // Override the nav links for the swagger page. navlinks={ "back: servlet:/", "json: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS&Accept=text/json&plainText=true" }, // Never show aside contents of page inherited from class. aside="NONE" ), // POJO swaps to apply to all serializers/parsers. pojoSwaps={ // Use the SwaggerUI swap when rendering Swagger beans. SwaggerUI.class }, // Properties to apply to all serializers/parsers and REST-specific API objects. properties={ // Add descriptions to the following types when not specified: @Property(name=JSONSCHEMA_addDescriptionsTo, value="bean,collection,array,map,enum"), // Automatically add examples to the following types: @Property(name=JSONSCHEMA_addExamplesTo, value="bean,collection,array,map"), // Don't generate schema information on the Swagger bean itself or HTML beans. @Property(name=JSONSCHEMA_ignoreTypes, value="Swagger,org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.*") }, // Shortcut for boolean properties. flags={ // Use $ref references for bean definitions to reduce duplication in Swagger. JSONSCHEMA_useBeanDefs } ) public Swagger getOptions(RestRequest req) { // Localized Swagger for this resource is available through the RestRequest object. return req.getSwagger(); } }

Additional annotations are pulled in from the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestConfig} interface which simply exists to define a common set of annotations. Notice that it has no code at all.

@RestResource( // Default serializers for all Java methods in the class. serializers={ HtmlDocSerializer.class, HtmlStrippedDocSerializer.class, HtmlSchemaDocSerializer.class, JsonSerializer.class, JsonSerializer.Simple.class, JsonSchemaSerializer.class, XmlDocSerializer.class, XmlSchemaDocSerializer.class, UonSerializer.class, UrlEncodingSerializer.class, MsgPackSerializer.class, SoapXmlSerializer.class, PlainTextSerializer.class }, // Default parsers for all Java methods in the class. parsers={ JsonParser.class, JsonParser.Simple.class, XmlParser.class, HtmlParser.class, UonParser.class, UrlEncodingParser.class, MsgPackParser.class, PlainTextParser.class }, // Properties to apply to all serializers/parsers and REST-specific API objects. properties={ // Enable automatic resolution of URI objects to root-relative values. @Property(name=SERIALIZER_uriResolution, value="ROOT_RELATIVE") }, // HTML-page specific settings htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( // Default page header contents. header={ "<h1>$R{resourceTitle}</h1>", // Use @RestResource(title) "<h2>$R{methodSummary,resourceDescription}</h2>", // Use either @RestMethod(summary) or @RestResource(description) "$C{REST/header}" // Extra header HTML defined in external config file. }, // Basic page navigation links. navlinks={ "up: request:/.." }, // Default stylesheet to use for the page. // Can be overridden from external config file. // Default is DevOps look-and-feel (aka Depression look-and-feel). stylesheet="$C{REST/theme,servlet:/htdocs/themes/devops.css}", // Default contents to add to the <head> section of the HTML page. // Use it to add a favicon link to the page. head={ "<link rel='icon' href='$U{$C{REST/favicon}}'/>" }, // No default page footer contents. // Can be overridden from external config file. footer="$C{REST/footer}", // By default, table cell contents should not wrap. nowrap="true" ), // Optional external configuration file. config="$S{juneau.configFile}", // These are static files that are served up by the servlet under the specified sub-paths. // For example, "/servletPath/htdocs/javadoc.css" resolves to the file "[servlet-package]/htdocs/javadoc.css" // By default, we define static files through the external configuration file. staticFiles={"$C{REST/staticFiles}"} ) public interface BasicRestConfig {}

Your top-level resource will simply extend from this class, as shown in the Hello World example from a couple sections back.

It's important to notice that the @RestResource annotation is inheritable and overridable from parent class and interfaces. They'll all get merged into a single set of annotation values for the resource class.

Not shown but equally important is that all of the annotations shown have programmatic equivalents via the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContextBuilder} class which can be manipulated during servlet initialization. (As a general rule, all annotations throughout Juneau have programmatic equivalents.)

There's a lot going on in this class. But not to worry, the details will be described later.

7.3.3 - Children

Child Resources are REST servlets or objects that are linked to parent resources through the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#children() @RestResource(children)} annotation.

Example:

/** Parent Resource */ @RestResource( path="/parent", children={FooResource.class} ) public MyResource extends BasicRestServlet {...}

/** Child Resource */ @RestResource( path="/foo" // Path relative to parent resource. ) public FooResource {...} // Note that we don't need to extend from RestServlet.

The path of the child resource gets appended to the path of the parent resource. So in the example above, the child resource is accessed through the URL /parent/foo.

A HUGE advantage of using child resources is that they do not need to be declared in the JEE web.xml file. Initialization of and access to the child resources occurs through the parent resource. Children can be nested arbitrary deep to create complex REST interfaces with a single top-level REST servlet.

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_children}

7.3.4 - Router Pages

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServletGroup} class provides a default "router" page for child resources when a parent resource is nothing more than a grouping of child resources.

The RootResources class in the Samples project is an example of a router page:

/** * Sample REST resource showing how to implement a "router" resource page. */ @RestResource( path="/", title="Root resources", description="Example of a router resource page.", children={ HelloWorldResource.class, PetStoreResource.class, PhotosResource.class, DtoExamples.class, SqlQueryResource.class, ConfigResource.class, LogsResource.class, DebugResource.class, ShutdownResource.class } ) public class RootResources extends BasicRestServletGroup { // NO CODE!!! }

When you bring up this resource in a browser, you see the following that provides a list of navigable links to your child resources:

http://localhost:10000

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServletGroup} class is nothing more than a subclass of {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} with a getChildren() method mapped to the servlet root path. The method returns a POJO with is just a linked-list of beans with name/description properties.

// The entire contents of the BasicRestServletGroup class. public class BasicRestServletGroup extends BasicRestServlet { @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/", description="Child resources") public ChildResourceDescriptions getChildren(RestRequest req) { return new ChildResourceDescriptions(this, req); } }

7.3.5 - Resource Resolvers

By default, you can add the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource @RestResource} to any class as long as it has one of the following constructors:

  • public T()
  • public T(RestContextBuilder)

The latter constructor can be used to get access to the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContextBuilder} object to make any configurations to the resource before it's initialized.

Resource object resolution is controlled through the following API:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResourceResolver}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestResourceResolver}

This API can be extended to provide your own custom resource resolution. Later topics discuss how to use this API to instantiate resources using Spring.

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_resourceResolver}

7.3.6 - Lifecycle Hooks

Lifecycle hooks allow you to hook into lifecycle events of the servlet/resource creation and REST calls.

For example, if you want to add an initialization method to your resource:

@RestResource(...) public class MyResource { // Our database. private Map<Integer,Object> myDatabase; @RestHook(INIT) public void initMyDatabase(RestContextBuilder builder) throws Exception { myDatabase = new LinkedHashMap<>(); } }

Or if you want to intercept REST calls:

@RestResource(...) public class MyResource { // Add a request attribute to all incoming requests. @RestHook(PRE_CALL) public void onPreCall(RestRequest req) { req.setAttribute("foo", "bar"); } }

The hook events can be broken down into two categories:

  • Resource lifecycle events:
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HookEvent#INIT INIT} - Right before initialization.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HookEvent#POST_INIT POST_INIT} - Right after initialization.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HookEvent#POST_INIT_CHILD_FIRST POST_INIT_CHILD_FIRST} - Right after initialization, but run child methods first.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HookEvent#DESTROY DESTROY} - Right before servlet destroy.
  • REST call lifecycle events:
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HookEvent#START_CALL START_CALL} - At the beginning of a REST call.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HookEvent#PRE_CALL PRE_CALL} - Right before the @RestMethod method is invoked.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HookEvent#POST_CALL POST_CALL} - Right after the @RestMethod method is invoked.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HookEvent#END_CALL END_CALL} - At the end of the REST call after the response has been flushed.
See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestHook}

7.4 - @RestResource

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource @RestResource} annotation is the primary way of defining and configuring REST resource classes. The functionality of the class itself is covered in detail in the topics below.

7.4.1 - Annotation Inheritance

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource @RestResource} annotation can also be used on parents and interfaces of resource classes. When multiple annotations are defined at different levels, the annotation values are combined.

This is a particularly useful feature because it allows you to define your own configured parent resource classes that can be extended by all your child resources so that they all share common settings.

Inheritance rules
Annotation Inheritence Rules
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#guards() guards()} Guards on child are combined with those on parent class.
Guards are executed child-to-parent in the order they appear in the annotation.
Guards on methods are executed before those on classes.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#converters() converters()} Converters on child are combined with those on parent class.
Converters are executed child-to-parent in the order they appear in the annotation.
Converters on methods are executed before those on classes.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#beanFilters() beanFilters()} Bean filters on child override those on parent class.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.Inherit} class can be used to inherit and augment values from parent.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.None} class can be used to suppress inheriting from parent.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#pojoSwaps() pojoSwaps()} POJO swaps on child override those on parent class.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.Inherit} class can be used to inherit and augment values from parent.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.None} class can be used to suppress inheriting from parent.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#properties() properties()} Properties on child are combined with those on parent class.
Properties are applied parent-to-child in the order they appear in the annotation.
Properties on methods take precedence over those on classes.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#serializers() serializers()} Serializers on child override those on parent class.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.Inherit} class can be used to inherit and augment values from parent.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.None} class can be used to suppress inheriting from parent.
Serializers on methods take precedence over those on classes.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#parsers() parsers()} Parsers on child override those on parent class.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.Inherit} class can be used to inherit and augment values from parent.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.None} class can be used to suppress inheriting from parent.
Parsers on methods take precedence over those on classes.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#responseHandlers() responseHandlers()} Response handlers on child are combined with those on parent class.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#encoders() encoders()} Encoders on child are combined with those on parent class.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#defaultRequestHeaders() defaultRequestHeaders()} Headers on child are combined with those on parent class.
Headers are applied parent-to-child in the order they appear in the annotation.
Headers on methods take precedence over those on classes.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#defaultResponseHeaders() defaultResponseHeaders()} Headers on child are combined with those on parent class.
Headers are applied parent-to-child in the order they appear in the annotation.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#children() children()} Children on child are combined with those on parent class.
Children are list parent-to-child in the order they appear in the annotation.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#path() path()} Path is searched for in child-to-parent order.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#title() title()} Label is searched for in child-to-parent order.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#description() description()} Description is searched for in child-to-parent order.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#config() config()} Config file is searched for in child-to-parent order.
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#staticFiles() staticFiles()} Static files on child are combined with those on parent class.
Static files are are executed child-to-parent in the order they appear in the annotation.

7.5 - RestContext

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext} object is the workhorse class for all of the configuration of a single REST resource class. It's by-far the most important class in the REST API.

Every class annotated with @RestResource ends up with an instance of this object. The object itself is read-only and unchangeable. It is populated through the following:

The annotation should be self-explanatory at this point. The builder allows you to perform all of the same configuration as the annotation programmatically.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContextBuilder} class extends {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContextBuilder} allowing you to programmatically set any properties defined on that builder class. It also implements {@link javax.servlet.ServletConfig}

To access this object, simply pass it in as a constructor argument or in an INIT hook:

// Option #1 - Pass in through constructor. public MyResource(RestContextBuilder builder) { builder .pojoSwaps(CalendarSwap.RFC2822DTZ.class) .set(PARSER_debug, true); } // Option #2 - Use an INIT hook. @RestHook(INIT) public void init(RestContextBuilder builder) throws Exception { builder .pojoSwaps(CalendarSwap.RFC2822DTZ.class) .set(PARSER_debug, true); }

Warning: The builder class is huge. Through it, you can configure bean/serializer/parser settings, define config files, children, resource finders, info providers, etc...

7.6 - @RestMethod

REST Java methods are identified on REST servlets using the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestMethod @RestMethod} annotation. The annotation allows the framework to identify the available REST methods through reflection.

Example:

@RestMethod(name=GET, path="/") public String sayHello() { return "Hello world!"; }

When the name and/or path values are not specified, their values are inferred from the Java method name.

The HTTP method can be inferred from the Java method by starting the method name with any of the following:

If path is not defined, it's inferred from the Java method name (minus the prefix above).

Examples:

// Method="GET", path="/foo" @RestMethod public String getFoo() {...}

// Method="DELETE", path="/foo" @RestMethod public String deleteFoo() {...}

// Method="GET", path="/foo" // "GET" is default @RestMethod public String foo() {...}

// Method="GET", path="/" @RestMethod(path="/") public String foo() {...}

// Method="GET", path="/" @RestMethod public String get() {...}

// Method="POST", path="/" @RestMethod public String post() {...}

If name and path are both specified, the Java method name can be anything.

7.6.1 - Java Method Parameters

Java methods can contain any of the following parameters in any order:

  • Parameters based on class types:
    • Request/response objects:
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest} - The request object.
      • {@link javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest} - The superclass of RestRequest.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse} - The response object.
      • {@link javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse} - The superclass of RestResponse.
    • Parsed request header values:
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Accept}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.AcceptCharset}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.AcceptEncoding}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.AcceptLanguage}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Authorization}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.CacheControl}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Connection}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.ContentLength}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.ContentType}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Date}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Expect}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.From}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Host}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.IfMatch}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.IfModifiedSince}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.IfNoneMatch}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.IfRange}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.IfUnmodifiedSince}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.MaxForwards}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Pragma}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.ProxyAuthorization}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Range}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Referer}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.TE}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.UserAgent}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Upgrade}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Via}
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.Warning}
      • {@link java.util.TimeZone}
    • Direct streams on request/response:
      • {@link java.io.InputStream}
      • {@link javax.servlet.ServletInputStream}
      • {@link java.io.Reader}
      • {@link java.io.OutputStream}
      • {@link javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream}
      • {@link java.io.Writer}
    • Localization:
      • {@link java.util.ResourceBundle} - Client-localized resource bundle.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.utils.MessageBundle} - A resource bundle with additional features.
      • {@link java.util.Locale} - Client locale.
    • Request APIs:
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestHeaders} - API for accessing request headers.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery} - API for accessing request query parameters.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestFormData} - API for accessing request form data.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath} - API for accessing path variables.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody} - API for accessing request body.
    • Other:
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.HttpMethod} - The method name matched (when using @RestMethod(name="*"))
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestLogger} - Logger with additional features.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext} - The resource read-only context.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser} - The parser matching the request content type.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.ReaderParser} - The reader parser matching the request content type.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.InputStreamParser} - The input stream parser matching the request content type.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.Swagger} - The auto-generated Swagger doc.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config} - The external config for the resource.
      • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestProperties} - API for modifying request-time configuration properties.
  • Annotated parameters:
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path} - Variables in matched URL path patterns.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData} - Multipart form post parameter values.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.HasFormData} - Denotes whether the form data parameter exists.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query} - Query parameters. Using this prevents the HTTP body from being processed as a URL-Encoded form post.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.HasQuery} - Denotes whether the query parameter exists.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header} - A header value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body} - The HTTP content parsed as a POJO.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.Method} - The HTTP method name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Request} - HTTP request parts available through a proxy bean interface.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response} - HTTP response parts available through a POJO.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader} - HTTP response header.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseStatus} - HTTP response status code.
Example:

@RestMethod(name=GET, path="/example1/{a1}/{a2}/{a3}/*") public String doGetExample1( RestRequest req, RestResponse res, @Method String method, @Path("a1") String a1, @Path("a2") int a2, @Path("a3") UUID a3, @Query("p1") int p1, @Query("p2") String p2, @Query("p3") UUID p3, @HasQuery("p3") boolean hasP3, @Path("/*") String remainder, @Header("Accept-Language") String lang, @Header("Accept") String accept, @Header("DNT") int doNotTrack, RequestProperties properties, ResourceBundle nls ) { // Do something with all of those }

Notes:
  • All annotations have programmatic equivalents on the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest} class.
See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_paramResolvers} - For configuring custom parameter types.

7.6.2 - RestRequest

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest} object is an extension of the HttpServletRequest class with various built-in convenience methods for use in building REST interfaces. It can be accessed by passing it as a parameter on your REST Java method:

@RestMethod(...) public Object myMethod(RestRequest req) {...}

There are many useful methods on this object, but the main ones are shown below:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest} extends HttpServletRequest
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getHeaders() getHeaders()} - HTTP request headers.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getQuery() getQuery()} - Query parameters.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getFormData() getFormData()} - Form-data parameters.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getBody() getBody()} - HTTP request body.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getPathMatch() getPathMatch()} - Path match variables.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getLogger() getLogger()} - Logging.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getInfoProvider() getInfoProvider()} - Swagger documentation provider.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getSwagger() getSwagger()} - Generated Swagger information.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getConfig() getConfig()} - External configuration API.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getVarResolverSession() getVarResolverSession()} - String variable resolver.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getMessageBundle() getMessageBundle()} - Localized messages.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getProperties() getProperties()} - Configuration properties.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getClasspathReaderResource(String,boolean,MediaType,boolean) getClasspathReaderResource(String,boolean,MediaType,boolean)} - Various methods for retrieving static files from classpath.

7.6.3 - RestResponse

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse} object is an extension of the HttpServletResponse class with various built-in convenience methods for use in building REST interfaces. It can be accessed by passing it as a parameter on your REST Java method:

@RestMethod(...) public Object myMethod(RestResponse req) {...}

Some important methods on this class are:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse} extends HttpServletResponse
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse#setOutput(Object) setOutput(Object)} - Set response output programmatically.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse#getHtmlDocBuilder() getHtmlDocBuilder()} - Set HTTP page contents programmatically.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse#getDirectWriter(String) getDirectWriter(String)} - Direct access to underlying response writer.

7.6.4 - RequestBody

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody} object is the API for accessing the body of an HTTP request. It can be accessed by passing it as a parameter on your REST Java method:

@RestMethod(...) public Object myMethod(RequestBody body) {...}

Example:

@RestMethod(...) public void doPost(RequestBody body) { // Convert body to a linked list of Person objects. List<Person> l = body.asType(LinkedList.class, Person.class); ... }

Some important methods on this class are:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody#getReader() getReader()} - Get body as a Reader.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody#getInputStream() getInputStream()} - Get body as an InputStream.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody#asType(Class) asType(Class)} - Get body converted to a POJO.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody#asType(Type,Type...) asType(Type,Type...)} - Get body converted to a map or collection of POJOs.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody#asString() asString()} - Get body as a simple string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody#asHex() asHex()} - Get body as a hex-encoded string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody#asSpacedHex() asSpacedHex()} - Get body as spaced-hex-encoded string.
See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body}

7.6.5 - RequestHeaders

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestHeaders} object is the API for accessing the headers of an HTTP request. It can be accessed by passing it as a parameter on your REST Java method:

@RestMethod(...) public Object myMethod(RequestHeaders headers) {...}

Example:

@RestMethod(...) public Object myMethod(RequestHeaders headers) { // Add a default value. headers.addDefault("ETag", DEFAULT_UUID); // Get a header value as a POJO. UUID etag = headers.get("ETag", UUID.class); // Get a standard header. CacheControl = headers.getCacheControl(); }

Some important methods on this class are:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestHeaders} extends TreeMap<String,String[]>
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestHeaders#get(String,Class) get(String,Class)} - Get header value converted to a POJO.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestHeaders#get(String,Type,Type...) get(String,Type,Type)} - Get header value converted to a map or collection of POJOs.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestHeaders#getString(String,String) getString(String,String)} - Get header value as a simple string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestHeaders#getInt(String,int) getInt(String,int)} - Get header value as an integer.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestHeaders#getBoolean(String,boolean) getBoolean(String,boolean)} - Get header value as a boolean.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestHeaders#addDefault(String,Object) addDefault(String,Object)} - Programmatically set a default value for a header.
See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header}

7.6.6 - RequestQuery

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery} object is the API for accessing the GET query parameters of an HTTP request. It can be accessed by passing it as a parameter on your REST Java method:

@RestMethod(...) public Object myMethod(RequestQuery query) {...}

Example:

@RestMethod(...) public Object myMethod(RequestQuery query) { // Get query parameters converted to various types. int p1 = query.get("p1", 0, int.class); String p2 = query.get("p2", String.class); UUID p3 = query.get("p3", UUID.class); }

An important distinction between the behavior of this object and HttpServletRequest.getParameter(String) is that the former will NOT load the body of the request on FORM POSTS and will only look at parameters found in the query string. This can be useful in cases where you're mixing GET parameters and FORM POSTS and you don't want to inadvertently read the body of the request to get a query parameter.

Some important methods on this class are:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery} extends LinkedHashMap<String,String[]>
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery#get(String,Class) get(String,Class)} - Get query parameter value converted to a POJO.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery#get(String,Type,Type...) get(String,Type,Type)} - Get query parameter value converted to a map or collection of POJOs.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery#getString(String,String) getString(String,String)} - Get query parameter value as a simple string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery#getInt(String,int) getInt(String,int)} - Get query parameter value as an integer.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery#getBoolean(String,boolean) getBoolean(String,boolean)} - Get query parameter value as a boolean.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery#addDefault(String,Object) addDefault(String,Object)} - Programmatically set a default value for a query parameter.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery#getSearchArgs() getSearchArgs()} - Returns query parameter search arguments.
See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.HasQuery}

7.6.7 - RequestFormData

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestFormData} object is the API for accessing the HTTP request body as form data. It can be accessed by passing it as a parameter on your REST Java method:

@RestMethod(...) public Object myMethod(RequestFormData query) {...}

Example:

@RestMethod(...) public Object myMethod(RequestFormData formData) { // Get query parameters converted to various types. int p1 = formData.get("p1", 0, int.class); String p2 = formData.get("p2", String.class); UUID p3 = formData.get("p3", UUID.class); }

Note that this object does NOT take GET parameters into account and only returns values found in the body of the request.

Some important methods on this class are:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestFormData} extends LinkedHashMap<String,String[]>
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestFormData#get(String,Class) get(String,Class)} - Get form-data parameter values converted to a POJO.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestFormData#get(String,Type,Type...) get(String,Type,Type)} - Get form-data parameter value converted to a map or collection of POJOs.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestFormData#getString(String,String) getString(String,String)} - Get form-data parameter value as a simple string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestFormData#getInt(String,int) getInt(String,int)} - Get form-data parameter value as an integer.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestFormData#getBoolean(String,boolean) getBoolean(String,boolean)} - Get form-data parameter value as a boolean.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestFormData#addDefault(String,Object) addDefault(String,Object)} - Programmatically set a default value for a form-data parameter.
See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.HasFormData}

7.6.8 - @RestMethod(path)

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestMethod#path() @RestMethod(path)} annotation allows you to define URL path patterns to match against. These patterns can contain variables of the form "{xxx}" that can be passed in directly to the Java methods as extra parameters.

In the following example, 3 separate GET request handlers are defined with different path patterns. Note how the variables are passed in as additional arguments on the method, and how those arguments are automatically converted to the specified class type...

// Default method @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/*") public void doGetDefault() { ... } // Method with path pattern @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/xxx") public void doGetNoArgs(...) { ... } // Method with path pattern with arguments @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/xxx/{foo}/{bar}/{baz}/{bing}") public void doGetWithArgs(@Path("foo") String foo, @Path("bar") int bar, @Path("baz") MyEnum baz, @Path("bing") UUID bing) { ... }

By default, path patterns are matched using a best-match heuristic. When overlaps occur, URLs are matched from most-specific to most-general order:

// Try first @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/foo/bar") public void method1() { ... } // Try second @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/foo/{bar}") public void method2(...) { ... } // Try third @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/foo/*") public void method3(...) { ... } // Try last @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/*") public void method4(...) { ... }

The match heuristic behavior can be overridden by the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestMethod#priority() @RestMethod(priority)} annotation property. However, in practice this is almost never needed.

Paths that end with "/*" will do a prefix match on the incoming URL. Any remainder after the match can be accessed through {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath#getRemainder()} or parameters with the @Path("/*") annotation. On the other hand, paths that don't end with "/*" (e.g. "/" or "/foo") will require an exact URL match, and if any remainder exists, a 404 (not found) error will be thrown.

The following example shows the distinction.

@RestMethod(name=GET, path="/*") public void doGet(@Path("/*") String remainder) { // URL path pattern can have remainder accessible through req.getRemainder(). } @RestMethod(name=PUT, path="/") public void doPut() { // URL path pattern must match exactly and will cause a 404 error if a remainder exists. }

Annotations are provided for easy access to URL parameters with automatic conversion to any {@doc PojoCategories parsable} type. For example, the following example can process the URL "/urlWithParams?foo=foo&bar=[1,2,3]&baz=067e6162-3b6f-4ae2-a171-2470b63dff00"...

// Example GET request with access to query parameters @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/urlWithParams") public String doGetWithParams(@Query("foo") String foo, @Query("bar") int bar, @Query("baz") UUID baz) throws Exception { return "GET /urlWithParams?foo="+foo+"&bar="+bar+"&baz="+baz; }

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_path}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath}

7.6.9 - RequestPathMatch

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath} object is the API for accessing the matched variables and remainder on the URL path.

@RestMethod(...) public Object myMethod(RequestPathMatch path) {...}

Example:

@RestMethod(..., path="/{foo}/{bar}/{baz}/*") public void doGet(RequestPathMatch path) { // Example URL: /123/qux/true/quux int foo = pm.getInt("foo"); // =123 String bar = pm.getString("bar"); // =qux boolean baz = pm.getBoolean("baz"); // =true String remainder = pm.getRemainder(); // =quux }

Some important methods on this class are:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath} extends TreeMap<String,String>
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath#get(String,Class) get(String,Class)} - Get path match variable converted to a POJO.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath#get(String,Type,Type...) get(String,Type,Type)} - Get path match variable converted to a map or collection of POJOs.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath#getString(String) getString(String)} - Get patch match variable as a simple string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath#getInt(String) getInt(String)} - Get path match variable as an integer.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath#getBoolean(String) getBoolean(String)} - Get path match variable as a boolean.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath#getRemainder() getRemainder()} - Get the path match remainder.
See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path}

7.6.10 - Method Return Types

The return type can be any serializable POJO as defined in {@doc PojoCategories}. It can also be void if the method is not sending any output (e.g. a request redirect) or is setting the output using the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse#setOutput(Object)} method.

Example:

@RestMethod(name=GET) public String doGet() { return "Hello World!"; }

Out-of-the-box, besides POJOs, the following return types are handled as special cases:

  • {@link java.io.InputStream}
    The contents are simply piped to the output stream returned by {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse#getNegotiatedOutputStream()}.
    Note that you should call {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse#setContentType(String)} to set the Content-Type header if you use this object type.
  • {@link java.io.Reader}
    The contents are simply piped to the output stream returned by {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse#getNegotiatedWriter()}.
    Note that you should call {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse#setContentType(String)} to set the Content-Type header if you use this object type.
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.Streamable}
    Interface that identifies that an object can be serialized directly to an output stream.
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.Writable}
    Interface that identifies that an object can be serialized directly to a writer.
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.utils.ZipFileList}
    Special interface for sending zip files as responses.

This is controlled through the following extensible API:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.ResponseHandler}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.reshandlers.DefaultHandler}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.reshandlers.InputStreamHandler}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.reshandlers.ReaderHandler}

REST Java methods can generate output in any of the following ways:

  • By returning a serializable POJO, or any of the following:
    {@link java.io.Reader}, {@link java.io.InputStream}, {@link org.apache.juneau.Streamable}, {@link org.apache.juneau.Writable}
  • By calling {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse#setOutput(Object)} with any of the types above.
  • By accessing the {@link java.io.Writer} directly by calling {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResponse#getNegotiatedWriter()} and writing the output yourself.
Example:

// Equivalent method 1 @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/example1/{personId}") public Person doGet1(@Path("personId") UUID personId) { Person p = getPersonById(personId); return p; } // Equivalent method 2 @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/example2/{personId}") public void doGet2(RestResponse res, @Path("personId") UUID personId) { Person p = getPersonById(personId); res.setOutput(p); } // (Sorta) Equivalent method 3 // (Ignores any converters or method-level properties) @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/example3/{personId}") public void doGet3(RestRequest req, RestResponse res, @Path("personId") UUID personId) { Person p = getPersonById(personId); String accept = req.getHeader("Accept", "text/json"); WriterSerializer s = res.getSerializerGroup().getWriterSerializer(accept); res.setContentType(s.getResponseContentType()); s.serialize(p, res.getNegotiatedWriter()); }

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_responseHandlers} - For configuring custom response handlers.

7.6.11 - ReaderResource

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.ReaderResource} class is a convenience object for defining thread-safe reusable character-based responses. In essence, it's a container for character data with optional response headers and support for resolving SVL variables.

The class is annotated with {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response @Response} which allows it to be returned as responses by REST methods.

Example:

@RestMethod public Object sayHello(RestRequest req) { // Return a reader resource loaded from a file with support for request-time SVL variables. return ReaderResource.create() .contents(new File("helloWorld.txt")) .varResolver(req.getVarResolver()) .header("Cache-Control", "no-cache") .mediaType(TEXT_PLAIN) .build(); }

7.6.12 - StreamResource

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.StreamResource} class is the binary equivalent to the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.ReaderResource} object. In essence, it's a container for binary data with optional response headers.

The class is annotated with {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response @Response} which allows it to be returned as responses by REST methods.

Example:

@RestMethod(...) public Object showPicture(RestRequest req) { // Return a stream resource loaded from a file. return StreamResource.create() .contents(new File("mypicture.png")) .header("Cache-Control", "no-cache") .mediaType(IMAGE_PNG) .build(); }

7.6.13 - @RestMethod(matchers)

{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestMatcher RestMatchers} are used to allow multiple Java methods to be tied to the same HTTP method and path, but differentiated by some request attribute such as a specific header value.

Example:

// GET method that gets invoked for administrators @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/*", matchers=IsAdminMatcher.class) public Object doGetForAdmin() { ... } // GET method that gets invoked for everyone else @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/*") public Object doGetForEveryoneElse() { ... }

The interface for matchers is simple:

public class IsAdminMatcher extends RestMatcher { @Override /* RestMatcher */ public boolean matches(RestRequest req) { return req.isUserInRole("ADMINS_GROUP"); } }

Notes:
  • If no methods are found with a matching matcher, a 412 Precondition Failed status is returned.
  • If multiple matchers are specified on the same method, ONLY ONE matcher needs to match for the method to be invoked.
  • Note that you CANNOT define identical paths on different methods UNLESS you use matchers.
    That includes paths that are only different in variable names (e.g. "/foo/{bar}" and "/foo/{baz}").
    If you try to do so, a ServletException will be thrown on startup.
  • Methods with matchers take precedence over methods without.
    Otherwise, methods are attempted in the order they appear in the class.
See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestMethod#matchers RestMethod(matchers)}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.matchers.MultipartFormDataMatcher}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.matchers.UrlEncodedFormMatcher}

7.6.14 - Predefined Responses

Predefined response beans are provided for all standard HTTP responses. These can be used as-is or extended to provide customized HTTP responses.

Examples:

@RestMethod(name="POST", path="/pets") public Ok addPet(@Body Pet pet) { addPet(Pet); // Predefined "200 OK" response bean. return new Ok(); // Could also use Ok.OK instance }

@RestMethod(name="POST", path="/pets") public SeeOther addPet(@Body Pet pet) { addPet(Pet); // Predefined "302 See Other" response bean with redirect to /pets. return new SeeOther("servlet:/pets"); }

These predefined response beans are an example of {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response @Response}-annotated objects that are describe in detail later. Without going into details, this is how the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.response.SeeOther} is defined:

@Response( code=303 // Set automatically on response, description="See Other" // Used in generated Swagger ) public class SeeOther { private final String message; private final URI location; // Constructors omitted. // Used to populate Location response header. @ResponseHeader(name="Location") public URI getLocation() { return location; } // Used during serialization. @ResponseBody public String toString() { return message; } }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.helper.SeeOtherRoot} class shows how these predefined beans can be extended.

@Response( description="Redirect to servlet root" // Override description in generated Swagger. ) public class SeeOtherServletRoot extends SeeOther { public SeeOtherServletRoot() { super(URI.create("servlet:/")); } }

Note that the runtime behavior of the following code is identical to the example above. However, the important distinction is that in the previous example, the 302 response would show in the generated Swagger (since we can see the response through reflection), whereas it will NOT show up in the following example (since all we see is an Object response).

@RestMethod(name="POST", path="/pets") public Object addPet(@Body Pet pet) { addPet(Pet); // Note the Object return type. return new SeeOther("servlet:/pets"); }

7.6.15 - Predefined Exceptions

Exceptions are defined for all standardized HTTP responses. These can be used to trigger HTTP errors simply by throwing an exception.

These are identical in behavior to the Predefined Responses in the previous section, except these are meant to be thrown instead of returned.

Example:

@RestMethod(name="GET", path="/user/login") public Ok login( @FormData("username") String username, @FormData("password") String password, ) throws Unauthorized { if (! isOK(username, password)) throw new Unauthorized("You're not welcome!"); return Ok.OK; }

These exception extend from {@link java.lang.RuntimeException}, so they can optionally be specified in the thrown declaration of the method. The important distinction is that when part of the thrown declaration, they show up in the generated Swagger documentation, whereas they don't if not. This behavior can be used to define what error conditions show in your Swagger doc.

7.6.16 - Predefined Helper Beans

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.helper} package contains several predefined beans to help when constructing REST interfaces.

ResourceDescription, ResourceDescrptions

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.helper.ResourceDescription} class is a bean with name/description properties for labeling and linking to child resources. The following examples is pulled from the REST examples:

@Resource public class PredefinedLabelsResource { @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/") public ResourceDescription[] getChildMethods() { return new ResourceDescription[] { new ResourceDescription("beanDescription", "BeanDescription"), new ResourceDescription("htmlLinks", "HtmlLink") }; } }

It get rendered as a table of name/description columns with links to child methods:

The internals of the class show it simply has two bean properties with a link annotation defined on the name property:

public class ResourceDescription { // Renders as hyperlink when serialized as HTML. @Html(link="servlet:/{name}") public String getName() {...} public String getDescription() {...} }

{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.helper.ResourceDescriptions} is a convenience class for doing the same. The example above can also be written as follows (which you'll notice is more concise):

@Resource public class PredefinedLabelsResource { @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/") public ResourceDescriptions getChildMethods() { return new ResourceDescriptions() .append("beanDescription", "BeanDescription") .append("htmlLinks", "HtmlLink"); } }

@HtmlLink, LinkString

The {@link org.apache.juneau.html.annotation.HtmlLink @HtmlLink} annotation can also be useful for rendering custom hyperlinks:

@RestMethod public MyLink[] htmlLinks() { return new MyLink[] { new MyLink("apache", "http://apache.org"), new MyLink("juneau", "http://juneau.apache.org") }; }

@HtmlLink(nameProperty="name", hrefProperty="href") public class MyLink { // Simple bean properties. public String name, href; public MyLink(String name, String href) { this.name = name; this.href = href; } }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.LinkString LinkString} bean is a predefined @HtmlLink bean provided to simplify specifying actions. The following is equivalent to above.

@RestMethod public LinkString[] htmlLinks() { return new LinkString[] { new LinkString("apache", "http://apache.org"), new LinkString("juneau", "http://juneau.apache.org") }; }

Both examples render the following consisting of a list of hyperlinks:

In all other languages, it gets serialized as a simple bean with two properties.

BeanDescription

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.helper.BeanDescription} class provides a simple view of a bean and it's properties.

@RestMethod(name=GET, path="/beanDescription") public BeanDescription getBeanDescription() { return new BeanDescription(Person.class); }

This example renders the following:

ChildResourceDescriptions

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.helper.ChildResourceDescriptions} is a convenience bean for generating a table of child resources.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServletGroup} class uses this to generate router pages:

@RestResource public abstract class BasicRestServletGroup extends BasicRestServlet { @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/", summary="Navigation page") public ChildResourceDescriptions getChildren(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return new ChildResourceDescriptions(req); } }

Note that all it requires is a {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest} object and it will generate a router page using reflection against the resource class.

For example, the RootResources page in the REST examples renders the child resources attached to the root resource:

The RootResources page consists of the following and extends from the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServletGroup} class:

@RestResource( ... children={ HelloWorldResource.class, PetStoreResource.class, DtoExamples.class, PhotosResource.class, SqlQueryResource.class, ConfigResource.class, LogsResource.class, DebugResource.class, ShutdownResource.class } ) public class RootResources extends BasicRestServletJenaGroup {}

SeeOtherRoot

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.helper.SeeOtherRoot} class can be used to redirect to the root URI of a resource class.

@RestMethod(name="POST", path="/pets") public SeeOtherRoot addPet(@Body Pet pet) { addPet(Pet); // Redirects to the servlet root URL. return SeeOtherRoot.INSTANCE; }

The runtime behavior is the same as the following:

@RestMethod(name="POST", path="/pets") public SeeOther addPet(@Body Pet pet) { addPet(Pet); // Redirects to the servlet root URL. return new SeeOther(URI.create("servlet:/")); }

One distinction is that the former defines the description "Redirect to servlet root" in the generated Swagger documentation.

7.7 - restRPC

The restRPC (RPC over REST) API allows the creation of client-side remote proxy interfaces for calling methods on server-side POJOs using entirely REST.

Remote Interfaces

The following example shows a remote interface:

@RemoteInterface // Annotation is optional public interface IAddressBook { void init() throws Exception; List<Person> getPeople(); List<Address> getAddresses(); int createPerson(CreatePerson cp) throws Exception; Person findPerson(int id); Address findAddress(int id); Person findPersonWithAddress(int id); Person removePerson(int id); }

The requirements for a remote interface method are:

Throwables with public no-arg or single-arg-string constructors are automatically recreated on the client side when thrown on the server side.

Client side

Remote Interface proxies are instantiated on the client side using one of the following methods:

Since we build upon the existing RestClient API, we inherit all of it's features. For example, convenience methods for setting POJO filters and properties to customize the behavior of the serializers and parsers, and the ability to provide your own customized Apache HttpClient for handling various scenarios involving authentication and Internet proxies.

Here's an example of the above interface being used:

// Create a RestClient using JSON for serialization, and point to the server-side remote interface servlet. RestClient client = RestClient.create() .json() .rootUrl("http://localhost:10000/remote") .build(); // Create a proxy interface. IAddressBook ab = client.getRrpcInterface(IAddressBook.class); // Invoke a method on the server side and get the returned result. Person p = ab.createPerson( new Person( "John Smith", "Aug 1, 1999", new Address("My street", "My city", "My state", 12345, true) ) );

Under the covers, this method call gets converted to a REST POST.

HTTP POST http://localhost:10000/remote/org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.IAddressBook/createPerson(org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.Person) Accept: application/json Content-Type: application/json [ { "name":"John Smith", "birthDate":"Aug 1, 1999", "addresses":[ { "street":"My street", "city":"My city", "state":"My state", "zip":12345, "isCurrent":true } ] } ]

Note that the body of the request is an array. This array contains the serialized arguments of the method. The object returned by the method is then serialized as the body of the response.

Server side

There are two ways to expose remote interfaces on the server side:

  1. Extending from {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.remote.RrpcServlet}.
  2. Using a @RestMethod(name=RRPC) annotation on a Java method.

In either case, the proxy communications layer is pure REST. Therefore, in cases where the interface classes are not available on the client side, the same method calls can be made through pure REST calls. This can also aid significantly in debugging, since calls to the remote interface service can be made directly from a browser with no coding involved.

RrpcServlet

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.remote.RrpcServlet} class is a simple specialized servlet with an abstract getServiceMap() method to define the server-side POJOs:

@RestResource( path="/remote" ) public class SampleRrpcServlet extends RrpcServlet { // Our server-side POJO. private AddressBook addressBook = new AddressBook(); @Override /* RrpcServlet */ protected Map<Class<?>,Object> getServiceMap() throws Exception { Map<Class<?>,Object> m = new LinkedHashMap<Class<?>,Object>(); // In this simplified example, we expose the same POJO service under two different interfaces. // One is IAddressBook which only exposes methods defined on that interface, and // the other is AddressBook itself which exposes all methods defined on the class itself (dangerous!). m.put(IAddressBook.class, addressBook); m.put(AddressBook.class, addressBook); return m; } }

@RestMethod(name=RRPC)

The @RestMethod(name=RRPC) approach is easier if you only have a single interface you want to expose. You simply define a Java method whose return type is an interface, and return the implementation of that interface:

// Our exposed interface. @RestMethod(name=RRPC, path="/addressbookproxy/*") public IAddressBook getProxy() { return addressBook; }

RrpcServlet in a browser

If you point your browser to the servlet above, you get a list of available interfaces:

http://localhost:10000/remote

Clicking the hyperlinks on each shows you the list of methods that can be invoked on that service. Note that the IAddressBook link shows that you can only invoke methods defined on that interface, whereas the AddressBook link shows ALL public methods defined on that class.

IAddressBook

http://localhost:10000/remote/org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.IAddressBook

Since AddressBook extends from LinkedList, you may notice familiar collections framework methods listed.

AddressBook

http://localhost:10000/remote/org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.AddressBook

Let's see how we can interact with this interface through nothing more than REST calls to get a better idea on how this works. We'll use the same method call as in the introduction. First, we need to create the serialized form of the arguments:

Object[] args = new Object[] { new CreatePerson("Test Person", AddressBook.toCalendar("Aug 1, 1999"), new CreateAddress("Test street", "Test city", "Test state", 12345, true)) }; String asJson = SimpleJsonSerializer.DEFAULT_READABLE.toString(args); System.err.println(asJson);

That produces the following JSON output:

[ { name: 'Test Person', birthDate: 'Aug 1, 1999', addresses: [ { street: 'Test street', city: 'Test city', state: 'Test state', zip: 12345, isCurrent: true } ] } ]

Note that in this example we're using JSON. However, various other content types can also be used such as XML, URL-Encoding, UON, or HTML. In practice however, JSON will preferred since it is often the most efficient.

Next, we can use a tool such as Poster to make the REST call. Methods are invoked by POSTing the serialized object array to the URI of the interface method. In this case, we want to POST our JSON to the following URL:

http://localhost:10000/remote/org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.IAddressBook/createPerson(org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.CreatePerson)

Make sure that we specify the Content-Type of the body as text/json. We also want the results to be returned as JSON, so we set the Accept header to text/json as well.

When we execute the POST, we should see the following successful response whose body contains the returned Person bean serialized to JSON:

From there, we could use the following code snippet to reconstruct the response object from JSON:

String response = "output from above"; Person p = JsonParser.DEFAULT.parse(response, Person.class);

If we alter our servlet to allow overloaded GET requests, we can invoke methods using nothing more than a browser...

@RestResource( path="/remote", // Allow us to use method=POST from a browser. allowedMethodParams="*" ) public class SampleRrpcServlet extends RrpcServlet {

For example, to invoke the getPeople() method on our bean:

http://localhost:10000/remote/org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.IAddressBook/getPeople?method=POST

Here we call the findPerson(int) method to retrieve a person and get the returned POJO (in this case as HTML since that's what's in the Accept header when calling from a browser):

http://localhost:10000/remote/org.apache.juneau.examples.addressbook.IAddressBook/findPerson(int)?method=POST&body=@(3)

When specifying the POST body as a &body parameter, the method arguments should be in UON notation. See {@link org.apache.juneau.uon.UonSerializer} for more information about this encoding. Usually you can also pass in JSON if you specify &Content-Type=text/json in the URL parameters but passing in unencoded JSON in a URL may not work in all browsers. Therefore, UON is preferred.

The hyperlinks on the method names above lead you to a simple form-entry page where you can test passing parameters in UON notation as URL-encoded form posts.

Sample form entry page
Sample form entry page results

7.8 - OpenAPI Schema Part Parsing

Parameters annotated with any of the following are parsed using the registered {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiParser} and therefore support OpenAPI syntax and validation:

For example, the following shows how a pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers (e.g. "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9") in a query parameter can be converted to a 2-dimensional array of Longs:

@RestMethod(method="GET", path="/testQuery") public void testQuery( @Query( name="queryParamName", collectionFormat="pipes", items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv", type="integer", format="int64", minimum="0", maximum="100" minLength=1, maxLength=10 ), minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) Long[][] queryParameter ) {...}

Input will be converted based on the types and formats defined in the schema definition. Input validations such as minLength/maxLength that don't match the input will result in automatic 400 Bad Request responses.

The following shows the same for a request body:

@RestMethod(method="POST", path="/testBody") public void testBody( @Body( parsers=OpenApiParser.class, defaultContentType="text/openapi", schema=@Schema( items=@Items( collectionFormat="pipes", items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv", type="integer", format="int64", minimum="0", maximum="100" minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) ), minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) ) Long[][] body ) {...}

The list of valid POJO types for parameters depends on type and format of the value or items/entries of the value. For example, instead of Longs in the example above, we could also define a 2-dimensional array of POJOs convertible from Longs:

@RestMethod(method="POST", path="/2dLongArray") public void testBody(@Body(...) MyPojo[][] body) {...} // POJO convertible from a Long. public class MyPojo { public MyPojo(Long input) {...} }

Or even POJOs that take in arrays of Longs[]:

@RestMethod(method="POST", path="/2dLongArray") public void testBody(@Body(...) MyPojo[] body) {...} // POJO convertible from a Long[]. public class MyPojo { public MyPojo(Long[] input) {...} }

Or even POJOs that take in the whole 2-dimensional array:

@RestMethod(method="POST", path="/2dLongArray") public void testBody(@Body(...) MyPojo body) {...} // POJO convertible from a Long[][]. public class MyPojo { public MyPojo(Long[][] input) {...} }

As you can see, the complexity of possible input types expands significantly. For more information about valid parameter types, see {@doc juneau-marshall.OpenApiDetails.Parsers OpenAPI Parsers}

7.9 - OpenAPI Schema Part Serializing

Parameters annotated with any of the following are serialized using the registered {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} and therefore support OpenAPI syntax and validation:

For example, the following shows how a pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers (e.g. "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9") in a response header can be converted to a 2-dimensional array of Longs:

@RestMethod(method="GET", path="/testResponseHeader") public void testResponseHeader( @ResponseHeader( name="My-Header", collectionFormat="pipes", items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv", type="integer", format="int64", minimum="0", maximum="100" minLength=1, maxLength=10 ), minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) Value<Long[][]> header ) { header.set(new Long[][]{...}); }

The following shows the same for a response body:

@RestMethod(method="GET", path="/testResponseBody") public void testResponseBody( @Response( serializers=OpenApiSerialier.class, defaultAccept="text/openapi", schema=@Schema( items=@Items( collectionFormat="pipes", items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv", type="integer", format="int64", minimum="0", maximum="100" minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) ), minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) ) Value<Long[][]> responseBody ) {...}

For more information about the valid parameter types, see {@doc juneau-marshall.OpenApiDetails.Serializers OpenAPI Serializers}

7.10 - HTTP-Part Annotations

The annotations used for defining the schema for request HTTP parts are:

The annotations used for defining the schema for response HTTP parts are:

The sub-annotations used in the annotation above are:

Other Notes:

7.10.1 - @Body

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body @Body} annotation is used to identify POJOs to be used as the body of an HTTP request.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#api() api} - Free-form Swagger JSON.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#description() description} - Description.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#example() example} - Serialized example.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#examples() examples} - Serialized examples per media type.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#required() required} - Input validation. Body must be present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#schema() schema} - Swagger schema.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#value() value} - Free-form Swagger JSON.
Examples:

// Defined on parameter @RestMethod(name=POST) public void addPet(@Body Pet pet) {...}

// Defined on POJO class @RestMethod(name=POST) public void addPet(Pet pet) {...} @Body public class Pet {...}

This is functionally equivalent to the following code:

@RestMethod(name=POST) public void addPet(RestRequest req) { Person person = req.getBody().asType(Pet.class); ... }

Any of the following types can be used for the parameter or POJO class (matched in the specified order):

  1. {@link java.io.Reader}
    @Body annotation is optional.
    Content-Type is ignored.
  2. {@link java.io.InputStream}
    @Body annotation is optional.
    Content-Type is ignored.
  3. Any {@doc PojoCategories Parsable POJO} type.
    Content-Type is required to identify correct parser.
  4. Objects convertible from {@link java.io.Reader} by having one of the following non-deprecated methods:
    • public T(Reader in) {...}
    • public static T create(Reader in) {...}
    • public static T fromReader(Reader in) {...}
    Content-Type must not be present or match an existing parser so that it's not parsed as a POJO.
  5. Objects convertible from {@link java.io.InputStream} by having one of the following non-deprecated methods:
    • public T(InputStream in) {...}
    • public static T create(InputStream in) {...}
    • public static T fromInputStream(InputStream in) {...}
    Content-Type must not be present or match an existing parser so that it's not parsed as a POJO.
  6. Objects convertible from {@link java.lang.String} by having one of the following non-deprecated methods:
    • public T(String in) {...}
    • public static T create(String in) {...}
    • public static T fromString(String in) {...}
    • public static T parse(String in) {...}
    • public static T parseString(String in) {...}
    • public static T forName(String in) {...}
    • public static T forString(String in) {...}
    Note that this also includes all enums.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} class can be used to serialize HTTP bodies to OpenAPI-based output.

For example, the following shows how a pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers (e.g. "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9") can be converted to a 2-dimensional array of Longs:

// Body is a pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited lists of longs. @RestMethod( method="POST", path="/testBody", serializers=OpenApiSerializers.class, defaultAccept="text/openapi" ) public void testBody( @Body( schema=@Schema( items=@Items( collectionFormat="pipes", items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv", type="integer", format="int64", minimum="0", maximum="100" minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) ), minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) ) Long[][] body ) {...}

Input will be converted based on the types and formats defined in the schema definition. Input validations such as minLength/maxLength that don't match the input will result in automatic 400 Bad Request responses.

For more information about valid parameter types when using OpenAPI parsing, see {@doc juneau-marshall.OpenApiDetails.Parsers OpenAPI Parsers}

The @Body annotation is also used for supplying swagger information about the body of the request. This information is used to populate the auto-generated Swagger documentation and UI.

Examples:

// Normal @Body( description="Pet object to add to the store", required=true, example="{name:'Doggie',price:9.99,species:'Dog',tags:['friendly','cute']}" )

// Free-form // Note the extra field @Body({ "description: 'Pet object to add to the store',", "required: true,", "example: {name:'Doggie',price:9.99,species:'Dog',tags:['friendly','cute']}," "x-extra: 'extra field'" })

{@doc DefaultRestSvlVariables} (e.g. "$L{my.localized.variable}") are supported on annotation fields.

Example:

// Localized @Body( description="$L{PetObjectDescription}" )

Other Notes:
  • Annotation parameter values will be aggregated when used on POJO parent and child classes.
    Values on child classes override values on parent classes.
  • Annotation parameter values will be aggregated when used on both POJOs and REST methods.
    Values on methods override values on POJO classes.
See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestBody}

7.10.2 - @FormData

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData @FormData} annotation is used to retrieve request form post entries.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#_default() _default} - Default value if not present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#_enum() _enum} - Input validation. Must match one of the values.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#allowEmptyValue() allowEmptyValue} - Input validation. Allow empty value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#api() api()} - Free-form Swagger JSON.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#collectionFormat() collectionFormat} - How collections of items are formatted.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#description() description} - Description.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#example() example()} - Serialized example.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#exclusiveMaximum() exclusiveMaximum} - Input validation. Whether maximum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#exclusiveMinimum() exclusiveMinimum} - Input validation. Whether minimum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#format() format} - The schema type format.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#items() items} - The schema of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#maximum() maximum} - Input validation. Maximum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#maxItems() maxItems} - Input validation. Maximum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#maxLength() maxLength} - Input validation. Maximum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#minimum() minimum} - Input validation. Minimum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#minItems() minItems} - Input validation. Minimum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#minLength() minLength} - Input validation. Minimum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#multipleOf() multipleOf} - Input validation. Number must be a multiple of.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#name() name} - Form data entry name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#parser() parser} - Override the part parser.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#pattern() pattern} - Input validation. Must match regular expression.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#required() required} - Input validation. Form data entry must be present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#type() type} - The schema type.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#uniqueItems() uniqueItems} - Input validation. Collections must contain unique items only.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#value() value} - Free-form Swagger JSON.

The most typical scenario is to simply use the value field to define form data parameter names:

Example:

@RestMethod(name=POST) public void doPost( @FormData("p1") int p1, @FormData("p2") String p2, @FormData("p3") UUID p3) {...}

This is functionally equivalent to the following code:

@RestMethod(name=POST) public void doPost(RestRequest req) { RequestFormData fd = req.getFormData(); int p1 = fd.get("p1", 0, int.class); String p2 = fd.get("p2", String.class); UUID p3 = fd.get("p3", UUID.class); }

The special name "*" (or blank) can be used to represent all values. When used, the data type must be a Map or bean.

Examples:

// Multiple values passed as a map. @RestMethod(name=POST) public void doPost(@FormData("*") Map<String,Object> map) {...}

// Same, but name "*" is inferred. @RestMethod(name=POST) public void doPost(@FormData Map<String,Object> map) {...}

// Multiple values passed as a bean. @RestMethod(name=POST) public void doPost(@FormData MyBean bean) {...}

The registered {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_partParser REST_partParser} is used to convert strings to POJOs and controls what POJO types are supported. By default, this is the {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiParser} which supports the standard Swagger-based rules for parsing.

For example, the following shows how a pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers (e.g. "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9") can be converted to a 2-dimensional array of Longs:

@RestMethod(method="POST", path="/testFormData") public void testFormData( @FormData( name="formDataParamName", collectionFormat="pipes", items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv", type="integer", format="int64", minimum="0", maximum="100" minLength=1, maxLength=10 ), minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) Long[][] formDataParameter ) {...}

Input will be converted based on the types and formats defined in the schema definition. Input validations such as minLength/maxLength that don't match the input will result in automatic 400 Bad Request responses.

For more information about valid parameter types, see {@doc juneau-marshall.OpenApiDetails.Parsers OpenAPI Parsers}

The @FormData annotation is also used for supplying swagger information about the HTTP part. This information is used to populate the auto-generated Swagger documentation and UI.

Examples:

// Normal @FormData( name="name", description="Pet name", required=true, example="Doggie" )

// Free-form // Note the extra field @FormData( name="name", api={ "description: 'Pet name',", "required: true,", "example: 'Doggie'," "x-extra: 'extra field'" } )

{@doc DefaultRestSvlVariables} (e.g. "$L{my.localized.variable}") are supported on annotation fields.

Example:

@FormData( description="$L{PetNameDescription}" )

Notes:
  • This annotation should not be combined with the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body @Body} annotation or {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getBody()} method for application/x-www-form-urlencoded POST posts, since it will trigger the underlying servlet API to parse the body content as key-value pairs resulting in empty content.
    The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query @Query} annotation can be used to retrieve a URL parameter in the URL string without triggering the servlet to drain the body content.
See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestFormData}

7.10.3 - @HasFormData

This annotation can be used to detect the existence of a parameter when it's not set to a particular value.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.HasFormData}
Example:

@RestMethod(name=POST) public void doPost(@HasFormData("p1") boolean p1) {...}

This is functionally equivalent to the following code:

@RestMethod(name=POST) public void doPost(RestRequest req) { boolean p1 = req.hasFormData("p1"); ... }

The parameter type must be either boolean or {@link java.lang.Boolean}.

The following table shows the behavioral differences between @HasFormData and @FormData:

Body content @HasFormData("a") @FormData("a")
a=foo true "foo"
a= true ""
a true null
b=foo false null
Important note concerning FORM posts

This annotation should not be combined with the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body @Body} annotation or {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getBody()} method for application/x-www-form-urlencoded POST posts, since it will trigger the underlying servlet API to parse the body content as key-value pairs, resulting in empty content.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.HasQuery @HasQuery} annotation can be used to check for the existing of a URL parameter in the URL string without triggering the servlet to drain the body content.

7.10.4 - @Query

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query @Query} annotation is used to retrieve request URL query parameters. It's identical to {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData @FormData}, but only retrieves the parameter from the URL string, not URL-encoded form posts.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#_default() _default} - Default value if not present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#_enum() _enum} - Input validation. Must match one of the values.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#allowEmptyValue() allowEmptyValue} - Input validation. Allow empty value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#api() api} - Free-form Swagger JSON.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#collectionFormat() collectionFormat} - How collections of items are formatted.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#description() description} - Description.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#example() example} - Serialized example.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#exclusiveMaximum() exclusiveMaximum} - Input validation. Whether maximum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#exclusiveMinimum() exclusiveMinimum} - Input validation. Whether minimum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#format() format} - The schema type format.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#items() items} - The schema of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#maximum() maximum} - Input validation. Maximum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#maxItems() maxItems} - Input validation. Maximum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#maxLength() maxLength} - Input validation. Maximum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#minimum() minimum} - Input validation. Minimum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#minItems() minItems} - Input validation. Minimum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#minLength() minLength} - Input validation. Minimum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#multipleOf() multipleOf} - Input validation. Number must be a multiple of.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#name() name} - Query parameter name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#parser() parser} - Override the part parser.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#pattern() pattern} - Input validation. Must match regular expression.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#required() required} - Input validation. Query parameter must be present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#type() type} - The schema type.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#uniqueItems() uniqueItems} - Input validation. Collections must contain unique items only.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#value() value} - Free-form Swagger JSON.

Unlike {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData @FormData}, using this annotation does not result in the servlet reading the contents of URL-encoded form posts. Therefore, this annotation can be used in conjunction with the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body @Body} annotation or {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getBody()} method for application/x-www-form-urlencoded POST calls.

The most typical scenario is to simply use the value field to define query parameter names:

Example:

@RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet( @Query("p1") int p1, @Query("p2") String p2, @Query("p3") UUID p3) {...}

This is functionally equivalent to the following code:

@RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(RestRequest req) { RequestQuery q = req.getQuery(); int p1 = q.get("p1", 0, int.class); String p2 = q.get("p2", String.class); UUID p3 = q.get("p3", UUID.class); }

The special name "*" (or blank) can be used to represent all values. When used, the data type must be a Map or bean.

Examples:

// Multiple values passed as a map. @RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(@Query("*") Map<String,Object> map) {...}

// Same, but name "*" is inferred. @RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(@Query Map<String,Object> map) {...}

// Multiple values passed as a bean. @RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(@Query MyBean bean) {...}

The registered {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_partParser REST_partParser} is used to convert strings to POJOs and controls what POJO types are supported. By default, this is the {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiParser} which supports the standard Swagger-based rules for parsing.

For example, the following shows how a pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers (e.g. "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9") can be converted to a 2-dimensional array of Longs:

@RestMethod(method="GET", path="/testQuery") public void testQuery( @Query( name="queryParamName", collectionFormat="pipes", items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv", type="integer", format="int64", minimum="0", maximum="100" minLength=1, maxLength=10 ), minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) Long[][] queryParameter ) {...}

Input will be converted based on the types and formats defined in the schema definition. Input validations such as minLength/maxLength that don't match the input will result in automatic 400 Bad Request responses.

For more information about valid parameter types, see {@doc juneau-marshall.OpenApiDetails.Parsers OpenAPI Parsers}

The @Query annotation is also used for supplying swagger information about the HTTP part. This information is used to populate the auto-generated Swagger documentation and UI.

Examples:

// Normal @Query( name="name", description="Pet name", required=true, example="Doggie" )

// Free-form // Note the extra field @Query( name="name", api={ "description: 'Pet name',", "required: true,", "example: 'Doggie'," "x-extra: 'extra field'" } )

{@doc DefaultRestSvlVariables} (e.g. "$L{my.localized.variable}") are supported on annotation fields.

Example:

@Query( description="$L{PetNameDescription}" )

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery}

7.10.5 - @HasQuery

Identical to {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.HasFormData @HasFormData}, but only checks the existing of the parameter in the URL string, not URL-encoded form posts.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.HasQuery}

Unlike {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.HasFormData @HasFormData}, using this annotation does not result in the servlet reading the contents of URL-encoded form posts. Therefore, this annotation can be used in conjunction with the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body @Body} annotation or {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getBody()} method for application/x-www-form-urlencoded POST calls.

Example:

@RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(@HasQuery("p1") boolean p1) {...}

This is functionally equivalent to the following code:

@RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(RestRequest req) { boolean p1 = req.hasQuery("p1"); ... }

The parameter type must be either boolean or {@link java.lang.Boolean}.

The following table shows the behavioral differences between @HasQuery and @Query:

Query content @HasQuery("a") @Query("a")
?a=foo true "foo"
?a= true ""
?a true null
?b=foo false null

7.10.6 - @Header

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header @Header} annotation is used to retrieve request headers.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#_default() _default} - Default value if not present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#_enum() _enum} - Input validation. Must match one of the values.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#allowEmptyValue() allowEmptyValue} - Input validation. Allow empty value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#api() api} - Free-form Swagger JSON.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#collectionFormat() collectionFormat} - How collections of items are formatted.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#description() description} - Description.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#example() example} - Serialized example.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#exclusiveMaximum() exclusiveMaximum} - Input validation. Whether maximum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#exclusiveMinimum() exclusiveMinimum} - Input validation. Whether minimum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#format() format} - The schema type format.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#items() items} - The schema of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#maximum() maximum} - Input validation. Maximum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#maxItems() maxItems} - Input validation. Maximum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#maxLength() maxLength} - Input validation. Maximum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#minimum() minimum} - Input validation. Minimum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#minItems() minItems} - Input validation. Minimum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#minLength() minLength} - Input validation. Minimum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#multipleOf() multipleOf} - Input validation. Number must be a multiple of.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#name() name} - Header name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#parser() parser} - Override the part parser.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#pattern() pattern} - Input validation. Must match regular expression.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#required() required} - Input validation. Header must be present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#type() type} - The schema type.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#uniqueItems() uniqueItems} - Input validation. Collections must contain unique items only.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#value() value} - Free-form Swagger JSON.

The most typical scenario is to simply use the value field to define header parameter names:

Example:

@RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(@Header("ETag") UUID etag) {...}

This is functionally equivalent to the following code:

@RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(RestRequest req) { RequestHeaders h = req.getHeaders(); UUID etag = h.get("ETag", UUID.class); }

The special name "*" (or blank) can be used to represent all values. When used, the data type must be a Map or bean.

Examples:

// Multiple values passed as a map. @RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(@Header("*") Map<String,Object> map) {...}

// Same, but name "*" is inferred. @RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(@Header Map<String,Object> map) {...}

// Multiple values passed as a bean. @RestMethod(name=GET) public void doGet(@Header MyBean bean) {...}

The registered {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_partParser REST_partParser} is used to convert strings to POJOs and controls what POJO types are supported. By default, this is the {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiParser} which supports the standard Swagger-based rules for parsing.

For example, the following shows how a pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers (e.g. "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9") can be converted to a 2-dimensional array of Longs:

@RestMethod(method="GET", path="/testHeader") public void testHeader( @Header( name="My-Header", collectionFormat="pipes", items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv", type="integer", format="int64", minimum="0", maximum="100" minLength=1, maxLength=10 ), minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) Long[][] myHeader ) {...}

Input will be converted based on the types and formats defined in the schema definition. Input validations such as minLength/maxLength that don't match the input will result in automatic 400 Bad Request responses.

For more information about valid parameter types, see {@doc juneau-marshall.OpenApiDetails.Parsers OpenAPI Parsers}

The @Header annotation is also used for supplying swagger information about the HTTP part. This information is used to populate the auto-generated Swagger documentation and UI.

Examples:

// Normal @Header( name="Pet-Name", description="Pet name", required=true, example="Doggie" )

// Free-form // Note the extra field @Header( name="Pet-Name", api={ "description: 'Pet name',", "required: true,", "example: 'Doggie'," "x-extra: 'extra field'" } )

{@doc DefaultRestSvlVariables} (e.g. "$L{my.localized.variable}") are supported on annotation fields.

Example:

@Header( description="$L{PetNameDescription}" )

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestHeaders}

7.10.7 - @Path

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path @Path} annotation is used to retrieve request path parameters.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#_enum() _enum} - Input validation. Must match one of the values.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#allowEmptyValue() allowEmptyValue} - Input validation. Allow empty value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#api() api} - Free-form Swagger JSON.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#collectionFormat() collectionFormat} - How collections of items are formatted.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#description() description} - Description.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#example() example} - Serialized example.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#exclusiveMaximum() exclusiveMaximum} - Input validation. Whether maximum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#exclusiveMinimum() exclusiveMinimum} - Input validation. Whether minimum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#format() format} - The schema type format.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#items() items} - The schema of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#maximum() maximum} - Input validation. Maximum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#maxLength() maxLength} - Input validation. Maximum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#minimum() minimum} - Input validation. Minimum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#minLength() minLength} - Input validation. Minimum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#multipleOf() multipleOf} - Input validation. Number must be a multiple of.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#name() name} - Path variable name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#parser() parser} - Override the part parser.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#pattern() pattern} - Input validation. Must match regular expression.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#type() type} - The schema type.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#value() value} - Free-form Swagger JSON.

The most typical scenario is to simply use the value field to define path parameter names:

Example:

@RestMethod(name=GET, path="/myurl/{foo}/{bar}/{baz}/*") public void doGet( @Path("foo") String foo, @Path("bar") int bar, @Path("baz") UUID baz, @Path("/*") String remainder ) {...}

This is functionally equivalent to the following code:

@RestMethod(name=GET, path="/myurl/{foo}/{bar}/{baz}/*") public void doGet(RestRequest req) { RequestPath p = req.getPathMatch(); String foo = p.getString("foo"); int bar = p.get("bar", int.class); UUID baz = p.get("baz", UUID.class); String remainder = p.getRemainder(); }

Note that the path variable name "/*" can be used to represent the remainder of the path match.

The special name "*" (or blank) can be used to represent all values. When used, the data type must be a Map or bean.

Examples:

// Multiple values passed as a map. @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/{a}/{b}/{c}/*") public void doGet(@Path("*") Map<String,Object> map) {...}

// Same, but name "*" is inferred. @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/{a}/{b}/{c}/*") public void doGet(@Path Map<String,Object> map) {...}

// Multiple values passed as a bean. @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/{a}/{b}/{c}/*") public void doGet(@Path MyBean bean) {...}

The registered {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_partParser REST_partParser} is used to convert strings to POJOs and controls what POJO types are supported. By default, this is the {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiParser} which supports the standard Swagger-based rules for parsing.

For example, the following shows how a pipe-delimited list of comma-delimited numbers (e.g. "1,2,3|4,5,6|7,8,9") can be converted to a 2-dimensional array of Longs:

@RestMethod(method="POST", path="/testPath/{pathParam}") public void testPath( @Path( name="pathParam", collectionFormat="pipes", items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv", type="integer", format="int64", minimum="0", maximum="100" minLength=1, maxLength=10 ), minLength=1, maxLength=10 ) Long[][] pathParameter ) {...}

Input will be converted based on the types and formats defined in the schema definition. Input validations such as minLength/maxLength that don't match the input will result in automatic 400 Bad Request responses.

For more information about valid parameter types, see {@doc juneau-marshall.OpenApiDetails.Parsers OpenAPI Parsers}

The @Path annotation is also used for supplying swagger information about the HTTP part. This information is used to populate the auto-generated Swagger documentation and UI.

Examples:

// Normal @Path( name="name", description="Pet name", example="Doggie" )

// Free-form // Note the extra field @Path( name="name", api={ "description: 'Pet name',", "example: 'Doggie'," "x-extra: 'extra field'" } )

{@doc DefaultRestSvlVariables} (e.g. "$L{my.localized.variable}") are supported on annotation fields.

Example:

@Path( description="$L{PetNameDescription}" )

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestPath}

7.10.8 - @Request

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Request @Request} annotation can be applied to a parameter interface type of a @RestMethod-annotated method to identify it as an interface for retrieving HTTP parts through a bean-like interface.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Request}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Request#partParser() partParser} - Override the part parser.
Example:

@RestMethod(path="/pets/{petId}") public void putPet(UpdatePet updatePet) {...} @Request public interface UpdatePet { @Path int getPetId(); @Query(name="verbose") boolean isDebug(); @Header("*") Map<String,Object> getAllHeaders(); @Body Pet getPet(); }

The example above is identical in behavior to specifying individual annotated parameters on the @RestMethod-annotated method:

@RestMethod(path="/pets/{petId}") public void putPet( @Path("petId") int petId, @Query("verbose") boolean debug, @Header("*") Map<String,Object> allHeaders, @Body Pet pet ) {...}

The return types of the getters must be the supported parameter types for the HTTP-part annotation used. Schema-based serialization and parsing is used just as if used as individual parameter types. Annotations used are the exact same used on REST parameters and have all the same feature support including automatic Swagger validation and documentation.

Example:

@Request public interface Request { // Schema-based query parameter: Pipe-delimited lists of comma-delimited lists of integers. @Query( collectionFormat="pipes" items=@Items( items=@SubItems( collectionFormat="csv" type="integer", minimum=1, maximum=100 ), maximumLength=10 ) ) int[][] getPipedCdlInts(); }

For clarity, the @Request annotation can be defined on the parameter, class, or both.

Example:

@RestMethod(path="/pets/{petId}") public void putPet(@Request UpdatePet updatePet) {...} @Request public interface UpdatePet {...}

7.10.9 - @Response

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response @Response} annotation is used to identify schema information about an HTTP response.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#api() api} - Free-form Swagger JSON.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#code() code} - HTTP status code.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#description() description} - Description.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#example() example} - Serialized example.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#examples() examples} - Serialized examples per media type.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#headers() headers} - Swagger about headers added to response.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#partSerializer() partSerializer} - Override the part serializer.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#schema() schema} - Swagger schema.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#value() value} - Free-form Swagger JSON.

It can be used in the following locations:

  • Exception classes thrown from @RestMethod-annotated methods.
  • Return type classes of @RestMethod-annotated methods.
  • @RestMethod-annotated methods themselves.
  • Arguments and argument-types of @RestMethod-annotated methods.

When the @Response annotation is applied to classes, the following annotations can be used on public non-static methods of the class to identify parts of a response:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseStatus}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseBody}
@Resource on exception classes

When applied to an exception class, this annotation defines Swagger schema and information on non-200 return types.

The following example shows the @Response annotation used to define an exception for an invalid login attempt:

// Our annotated exception. @Response( code=401, description="Invalid username or password provided" // Description show in Swagger ) public class InvalidLogin extends Exception { public InvalidLogin() { super("Invalid username or password."); // Message sent in response } } // Our REST method that throws an annotated exception. @RestMethod(name="GET", path="/user/login") public Ok login( @FormData("username") String username, @FormData("password") String password ) throws InvalidLogin { checkCredentials(username, password); return new Ok(); }

Custom exceptions can also extend from one of the predefined HTTP exceptions such as the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.exception.Unauthorized} exception:

// Our annotated exception. @Response( description="Invalid username or password provided" // Overridden from parent class ) public class InvalidLogin extends Unauthorized { public InvalidLogin() { super("Invalid username or password."); } } // Parent predefined exception class. @Response( code=401, description="Unauthorized" ) public class Unauthorized extends RestException {...}

@Resource on return type classes

When applied type classes returned by a Java method, this annotation defines schema and Swagger information on the body of responses.

In the example above, we're using the Ok class which is defined like so:

@Response( code=200, description="OK" ) public class Ok { @ResponseBody public String toString() { return "OK"; } }

Another example showing how a redirect can be defined:

@Response( code=307, description="Temporary Redirect" ) public class Redirect { private final URI location; public Redirect(URI location) { this.location = location; } @ResponseHeader( name="Location", format="uri" ) public URI getLocation() { return location; } @ResponseBody public String toString() { return "Temporary Redirect"; } }

// Usage @RestMethod(method=POST) public Redirect addPet(Pet pet) { // Redirect to servlet root return new Redirect(URI.create("servlet:/")); }

@Resource on @RestMethod-annotated methods

The @Response annotation can also be applied to the Java method itself which is effectively the same as applying it to the return type (albeit for this method only).

@RestMethod(name="GET", path="/user/login") @Response(code=200, description="OK") public Ok login( @FormData("username") String username, @FormData("password") String password ) throws InvalidLogin { checkCredentials(username, password); return new Ok(); }

The @Response annotation can be simultaneously on both the Java method and return type. When used in both locations, the annotation values are combined, but values defined on the method return annotation take precedence over the values defined on the type.

@Resource on @RestMethod-annotated method parameters

The @Response annotation can also be applied to the Java method parameters when the parameter type is {@link org.apache.juneau.Value} (a placeholder for objects).

@RestMethod(name="GET", path="/user/login") public void login( @FormData("username") String username, @FormData("password") String password, @Response(code=200, description="Login succeeded") Value<String> body ) throws InvalidLogin { checkCredentials(username, password); body.set("OK"); }

@Response-annotated types can also be used as value parameters:

@RestMethod(...) public void login( ... @Response Value<Ok> res ) throws InvalidLogin { ... res.set(new Ok()); }

In the above example, the @Response annotation is optional since it is inferred from the class that it's a @Response bean.

@RestMethod(name="GET", path="/user/login") public void login( ... Value<Ok> res // @Response annotation not needed. ) throws InvalidLogin { ... res.set(new Ok()); }

@ResponseStatus on methods of @Response-annotated types

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseStatus @ResponseStatus} annotation can be used on the method of a @Response-annotated class to identify HTTP response statuses other than 200 (the default).

Example:

@Response public class AddPetSuccess { @ResponseStatus public int getStatus() { return 201; } @Override public String toString() { return "Pet was successfully added"; } }

@ResponseHeader on methods of @Response-annotated types

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader @ResponseHeader} annotation can be used on the method of a @Response-annotated class to identify a header to add to the response.

Example:

@Response public class AddPetSuccess { @ResponseHeader( name="X-PetId", type="integer", format="int32", description="ID of added pet.", example="123" ) public int getPetId() {...} }

@ResponseBody on methods of @Response-annotated types

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseBody @ResponseBody} annotation can be used on the method of a @Response-annotated class to identify a POJO as the body of the HTTP response.

Example:

@Response public class AddPetSuccess { @ResponseBody public Pet getPet() {...} }

If a @Response class does not have a @ResponseBody-annotated method, then the response object itself is serialized in the response (typically using toString()).

Notes about OpenAPI part serialization

By default, POJOs representing the body of the request are serialized using the Juneau serializer matching the requesting Accept header. The {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} class can be used to serialize response bodies using OpenAPI rules.

The following examples show part-schema-based serialization of response bodies:

@RestResource public class ExampleResource { // Example 1 - String[] should be serialized using part serializer. @Response( serializers=OpenApiSerializer.class, defaultAccept="text/openapi" ) @RestMethod public String[] example1() { return new String[]{"foo","bar"}; } // Example 2 - Same as above. Annotation on parameter. @RestMethod public void example2( @Response( serializers=OpenApiSerializer.class, defaultAccept="text/openapi" ) Value<String[]> body ) { body.set(new String[]{"foo","bar"}); } }

The @Response(schema) annotation can be used to define the format of the output using OpenAPI-based rules.

@RestResource public class ExampleResource { @Response( serializers=OpenApiSerializer.class, defaultAccept="text/openapi", schema=@Schema(collectionFormat="pipes") ) @RestMethod public String[] example1() { return new String[]{"foo","bar"}; } }

Swagger documentation

The attributes on this annotation are also used to populate the generated Swagger for the method. For example, in the case of the InvalidLogin example above, the following Swagger is generated:

'/user/login': { get: { responses: { 401: { description: 'Invalid username or password provided' } } } }

Automatic HTTP status

When the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#code() @Response(code)} value is specified, the HTTP status is automatically set to that value on the response regardless of how it's used.

The following two examples are equivalent:

@RestMethod(name="GET", path="/ok") public void sendContinue( @Response(code=100) Value<String> body ) { body.set("OK"); }

@RestMethod(name="GET", path="/ok") public void sendContinue(RestResponse res) { res.setStatus(100); res.setOutput("OK"); }

See Also:

7.10.10 - @ResponseHeader

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader @ResponseHeader} annotation can be applied to @RestMethod-annotated parameters to denote them as an HTTP response headers.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#_default() _default} - Default value if not present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#_enum() _enum} - Output validation. Must match one of the values.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#$ref() $ref} - Schema reference.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#api() api} - Free-form Swagger JSON.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#code() code} - HTTP status codes that this header applies to.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#collectionFormat() collectionFormat} - How collections of items are formatted.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#description() description} - Description.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#example() example} - Serialized example.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#exclusiveMaximum() exclusiveMaximum} - Output validation. Whether maximum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#exclusiveMinimum() exclusiveMinimum} - Output validation. Whether minimum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#format() format} - The schema type format.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#items() items} - The schema of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#maximum() maximum} - Output validation. Maximum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#maxItems() maxItems} - Output validation. Maximum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#maxLength() maxLength} - Output validation. Maximum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#minimum() minimum} - Output validation. Minimum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#minItems() minItems} - Output validation. Minimum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#minLength() minLength} - Output validation. Minimum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#multipleOf() multipleOf} - Output validation. Number must be a multiple of.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#name() name} - Header name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#pattern() pattern} - Output validation. Must match regular expression.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#serializer() serializer} - Override the part serializer.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#type() type} - The schema type.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#uniqueItems() uniqueItems} - Output validation. Collections must contain unique items only.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader#value() value} - Free-form Swagger JSON.

This annotation can only be applied to parameters of type {@link org.apache.juneau.Value}.

The following examples show 3 different ways of accomplishing the same task of setting an HTTP header on a response:

// Example #1 - Setting header directly on RestResponse object. @RestMethod(...) public void login(RestResponse res) { res.setHeader("X-Rate-Limit", 1000); ... } // Example #2 - Use on parameter. @RestMethod(...) public void login( @ResponseHeader( name="X-Rate-Limit", type="integer", format="int32", description="Calls per hour allowed by the user.", example="123" ) Value<Integer> rateLimit ) { rateLimit.set(1000); ... } // Example #3 - Use on type. @RestMethod(...) public void login(Value<RateLimit> rateLimit) { rateLimit.set(new RateLimit()); ... } @ResponseHeader( name="X-Rate-Limit", type="integer", format="int32", description="Calls per hour allowed by the user.", example="123" ) public class RateLimit { // OpenApiSerializer knows to look for this method based on format/type. public Integer toInteger() { return 1000; } }

Swagger documentation

The attributes on this annotation are also used to populate the generated Swagger for the method. For example, in the case of the X-Rate-Limit example above, the following Swagger is generated:

'/user/login': { get: { responses: { 200: { headers: { 'X-Rate-Limit': { type: 'integer', format: 'int32', description: 'Calls per hour allowed by the user.', example: '123' } } } } } }

7.10.11 - @ResponseStatus

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseStatus @ResponseStatus} annotation annotation can be applied to @RestMethod-annotated parameters to denote them as an HTTP response status codes.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseStatus}

This can only be applied to parameters of the {@link org.apache.juneau.Value} class with an {@link java.lang.Integer} type.

Examples:

// Defined on parameter. @RestMethod(name="GET", path="/user/login") public void login( @FormData("username") String username, @FormData("password") String password, @ResponseStatus Value<Integer> status ) { if (! isValid(username, password)) status.set(401); }

7.11 - Handling Form Posts

The best way to handle a form post is usually by using an input bean. The following is a class that takes in URL-Encoded form post of the form "aString=foo&aNumber=123&aDate=2001-07-04T15:30:45Z".

@RestResource( path="/urlEncodedForm" ) public class UrlEncodedFormResource extends BasicRestServlet { /** POST request handler */ @RestMethod(name=POST, path="/") public Object doPost(@Body FormInputBean input) throws Exception { // Just mirror back the request return input; } public static class FormInputBean { public String aString; public int aNumber; @BeanProperty(pojoSwaps=CalendarSwap.ISO8601DT.class) public Calendar aDate; } }

Another possibility is to access the form parameters individually:

/** POST request handler */ @RestMethod(name=POST, path="/") public Object doPost(@FormData("aString") String aString, @FormData("aNumber") int aNumber, @FormData("aDate") Calendar aDate) throws Exception { ... }

The advantage to the form input bean is that it can handle any of the parsable types (e.g. JSON, XML...) in addition to URL-Encoding. The latter approach only supports URL-Encoding.

7.12 - Handling Multi-Part Form Posts

The Juneau framework does not natively support multipart form posts. However, it can be done in conjunction with the Apache Commons File Upload library or through the Servlet 3.0 API directly.

The following is an example that uses the File Upload library to allow files to be uploaded as multipart form posts.

Example:

@RestResource( path="/tempDir" ) public class TempDirResource extends DirectoryResource { /** * [POST /upload] - Upload a file as a multipart form post. * Shows how to use the Apache Commons ServletFileUpload class for handling multi-part form posts. */ @RestMethod(name=POST, path="/upload", matchers=TempDirResource.MultipartFormDataMatcher.class) public Redirect uploadFile(RestRequest req) throws Exception { ServletFileUpload upload = new ServletFileUpload(); FileItemIterator iter = upload.getItemIterator(req); while (iter.hasNext()) { FileItemStream item = iter.next(); if (item.getFieldName().equals("contents")) { File f = new File(getRootDir(), item.getName()); IOPipe.create(item.openStream(), new FileOutputStream(f)).closeOut().run(); } } return new Redirect(); // Redirect to the servlet root. } /** Causes a 404 if POST isn't multipart/form-data */ public static class MultipartFormDataMatcher extends RestMatcher { @Override /* RestMatcher */ public boolean matches(RestRequest req) { String contentType = req.getContentType(); return contentType != null && contentType.startsWith("multipart/form-data"); } }

The following shows using the HttpServletRequest.getParts() method to retrieve multi-part form posts when using Jetty. This example is pulled from the PetStore application.

@RestMethod( ... ) public SeeOtherRoot uploadFile(RestRequest req) throws Exception { // Required for Jetty. MultipartConfigElement mce = new MultipartConfigElement((String)null); req.setAttribute("org.eclipse.jetty.multipartConfig", mce); String id = UUID.randomUUID().toString(); BufferedImage img = null; for (Part part : req.getParts()) { switch (part.getName()) { case "id": id = IOUtils.read(part.getInputStream()); break; case "file": img = ImageIO.read(part.getInputStream()); } } addPhoto(id, img); return new SeeOtherRoot(); // Redirect to the servlet root. }

7.13 - Serializers

REST resources use the {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer} API for defining serializers for serializing response POJOs.

The servlet will pick which serializer to use by matching the request Accept header with the media types defined through the {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer#getMediaTypeRanges()} method.

Serializers can be associated with REST servlets in the following ways:

The following are all equivalent ways of defining serializers used by a resource:

// Option #1 - Defined via annotation. @RestResource(serializers={JsonSerializer.class, XmlSerializer.class}) public class MyResource { // Option #2 - Defined via builder passed in through resource constructor. public MyResource(RestContextBuilder builder) throws Exception { // Using method on builder. builder.serializers(JsonSerializer.class, XmlSerializer.class); // Same, but use pre-instantiated parsers. builder.serializers(JsonSerializer.DEFAULT, XmlSerializer.DEFAULT); // Same, but using property. builder.set(REST_serializers, JsonSerializer.class, XmlSerializer.class); } // Option #3 - Defined via builder passed in through init method. @RestHook(INIT) public void init(RestContextBuilder builder) throws Exception { builder.serializers(JsonSerializer.class, XmlSerializer.class); } // Override at the method level. @RestMethod(serializers={HtmlSerializer.class}) public MyPojo myMethod() { // Return a POJO to be serialized. return new MyPojo(); } }

See Also:

7.14 - Parsers

REST resources use the {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser} API for defining parsers for parsing request body content and converting them into POJOs.

The servlet will pick which parser to use by matching the request Content-Type header with the media types defined through the {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser#getMediaTypes()} method.

Parsers can be associated with REST servlets in the following ways:

The following are all equivalent ways of defining parsers used by a resource:

// Option #1 - Defined via annotation. @RestResource(parsers={JsonParser.class, XmlParser.class}) public class MyResource { // Option #2 - Defined via builder passed in through resource constructor. public MyResource(RestContextBuilder builder) throws Exception { // Using method on builder. builder.parsers(JsonParser.class, XmlParser.class); // Same, but use pre-instantiated parsers. builder.parsers(JsonParser.DEFAULT, XmlParser.DEFAULT); // Same, but using property. builder.set(REST_parsers, JsonParser.class, XmlParser.class); } // Option #3 - Defined via builder passed in through init method. @RestHook(INIT) public void init(RestContextBuilder builder) throws Exception { builder.parsers(JsonParser.class, XmlParser.class); } // Override at the method level. @RestMethod(parsers={HtmlParser.class}) public Object myMethod(@Body MyPojo myPojo) { // Do something with your parsed POJO. } }

See Also:

7.15 - Properties

As shown in previous sections, Juneau serializers and parsers are highly-configurable through properties. (See {@doc ConfigurableProperties})

These properties can be defined for serializers and parsers registered on a REST resource via the following:

Example:

import static org.apache.juneau.BeanContext.*; import static org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer.*; import static org.apache.juneau.json.JsonSerializer.*; // Servlet with properties applied @RestResource( properties={ // Bean properties should be sorted alphabetically. @Property(name=BEAN_sortProperties, value="true"), // Nulls should not be serialized @Property(name=SERIALIZER_trimNulls, value="true"), // Solidus characters should be escaped in JSON @Property(name=JSON_escapeSolidus, value="true") } ) public MyRestServlet extends BasicRestServlet {...}

The programmatic equivalent to this is:

// Servlet with properties applied @RestResource(...) public MyRestServlet extends BasicRestServlet { public MyRestServlet(RestContextBuilder builder) { builder .sortProperties(); // Note: RestContextBuilder extends from BeanContextBuilder .set(SERIALIZER_trimNulls, true); .set(JSON_escapeSolidus, true); } }

Properties can also be overridden at the Java method level:

// GET method with method-level properties @RestMethod( name=GET, path="/*", properties={ // Bean properties should be sorted alphabetically. @Property(name=BEAN_sortProperties, value="true"), // Nulls should not be serialized @Property(name=SERIALIZER_trimNulls, value="true"), // Solidus characters should be escaped in JSON @Property(name=JSON_escapeSolidus, value="true") } public Object doGet() { ... }

Using the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestProperties} object:

// Access it from RestRequest. public Object doGet(RestRequest req) { RequestProperties properties = req.getProperties(); properties.put(JSON_escapeSolidus, true); } // Or just pass in a RequestProperties object. public Object doGet(RequestProperties properties) { properties.put(JSON_escapeSolidus, true); }

Properties set via {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestProperties} are session-override properties that are passed in through {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.SerializerSessionArgs} and {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.ParserSessionArgs} and can only be used on configuration settings marked as Session property: true.

Properties are open-ended and can be used for other purposes. They're made available through the following methods:

See Also:

7.16 - Transforms

The Juneau serializers and parsers can be configured on how to handle POJOs through the use of Transforms. (See {@doc juneau-marshall.Transforms Transforms})

Transforms are associated serializers and parsers registered on a REST resource via the following:

// Servlet with transforms applied @RestResource( pojoSwaps={ // Calendars should be serialized/parsed as ISO8601 date-time strings CalendarSwap.DEFAULT_ISO8601DT.class, // Byte arrays should be serialized/parsed as BASE64-encoded strings ByteArrayBase64Swap.class }, beanFilters={ // Subclasses of MyInterface will be treated as MyInterface objects. // Bean properties not defined on that interface will be ignored. } ) public MyRestServlet extends BasicRestServlet {...}

The programmatic equivalent to this is:

// Servlet with properties applied @RestResource(...) public MyRestServlet extends BasicRestServlet { public MyRestServlet(RestContextBuilder builder) { builder .pojoSwaps( CalendarSwap.DEFAULT_ISO8601DT.class, ByteArrayBase64Swap.class ) .beanFilters(MyInterface.class); } }

7.17 - URIs

As mention earlier {@doc juneau-marshall.URIs here}, Juneau serializers have sophisticated support for transforming relative URIs to absolute form.

The following example shows a REST method that returns a list of URIs of various forms:

@RestResource( uriAuthority="http://foo.com:123", uriContext="/myContext" ) public class MyResource { @RestMethod public URI[] getURIs() { return new URI[] { URI.create("http://www.apache.org/f1a"), URI.create("/f1b"), URI.create("/f1c/x/y"), URI.create("f1d"), URI.create("f1e/x/y"), URI.create(""), URI.create("context:/f2a/x"), URI.create("context:/f2b"), URI.create("context:/"), URI.create("context:/.."), URI.create("servlet:/f3a/x"), URI.create("servlet:/f3b"), URI.create("servlet:/"), URI.create("servlet:/.."), URI.create("request:/f4a/x"), URI.create("request:/f4b"), URI.create("request:/"), URI.create("request:/..") }; } }

When requested as JSON, it produces the following result:

{ f1a:'http://www.apache.org/f1a', f1b:'http://foo.com:123/f1b', f1c:'http://foo.com:123/f1c/x/y', f1d:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/f1d', f1e:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/f1e/x/y', f1f:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet', f2a:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/f2a/x', f2b:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/f2b', f2c:'http://foo.com:123/myContext', f2d:'http://foo.com:123', f3a:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/f3a/x', f3b:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/f3b', f3c:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet', f3d:'http://foo.com:123/myContext', f4a:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/myPath/f4a/x', f4b:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/myPath/f4b', f4c:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet/myPath', f4d:'http://foo.com:123/myContext/myServlet' }

URI resolution is controlled by the following settings:

URIs are resolved by both regular and part serializers.

7.18 - Guards

Guards are classes that control access to REST classes and methods.

Guards are associated with resource classes and methods via the following:

// Define a guard that only lets Billy make a request public BillyGuard extends RestGuard { @Override /* RestGuard */ public boolean isRequestAllowed(RestRequest req) { return req.getUserPrincipal().getName().equals("Billy"); } } // Servlet with class-level guard applied @RestResource(guards=BillyGuard.class) public MyRestServlet extends BasicRestServlet { // Delete method that only Billy is allowed to call. @RestMethod(name="DELETE") public doDelete(RestRequest req, RestResponse res) throws Exception {...} }

A common use for guards is to only allow admin access to certain Java methods...

// DELETE method @RestMethod(name=DELETE, guards={AdminGuard.class}) public void doDelete(RestRequest req, RestResponse res) throws Exception {...}

public class AdminGuard extends RestGuard { @Override /* RestGuard */ public boolean isRequestAllowed(RestRequest req) { return req.getUserPrincipal().isUserInRole("ADMIN"); } }

A guard failure results in an HTTP 401 Unauthorized response. However, this can be configured by overriding the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestGuard#guard(RestRequest,RestResponse)} and processing the response yourself.

public class AdminGuard extends RestGuard { @Override /* RestGuard */ public boolean guard(RestRequest req, RestResponse res) throws RestException { if (! isOkay(req)) throw new RestException(SC_FORBIDDEN, "Access denied!!!"); return true; } }

When guards are associated at the class-level, it's equivalent to associating guards on all Java methods on the servlet. If multiple guards are present, ALL guards must pass.

See Also:

7.19 - Converters

Converters can be thought of as "post-processors" for POJOs before they get passed to the serializers.

Converters are associated with resource classes and methods via the following:

Example:

// Associate the Traversable converter to all Java REST methods in this servlet @RestResource(converters=Traversable.class) public MyRestServlet extends BasicRestServlet { ... }

They can also be defined at the method level:

// GET person request handler. // Traversable conversion enabled to allow nodes in returned POJO tree to be addressed. // Queryable conversion enabled to allow returned POJO to be searched/viewed/sorted. @RestMethod( name=GET, path="/people/{id}/*", converters={Traversable.class,Queryable.class} ) public Person getPerson(@Path("id") int id) { return findPerson(id); }

The following converter is used to provide support for addressing child nodes in a POJO tree with URL path remainders. In this code, the 3rd parameter is the object that was returned by the Java method. The converter uses the {@link org.apache.juneau.utils.PojoRest} wrapper class to address nodes in the tree.

/** * Converter for enablement of PojoRest support on response objects returned by a @RestMethod method. * When enabled, objects in a POJO tree returned by the REST method can be addressed through additional URL path information. */ public class Traversable implements RestConverter { @Override /* RestConverter */ public Object convert(RestRequest req, Object o) throws RestException { if (o == null) return null; String pathRemainder = req.getPathMatch().getRemainder(); if (pathRemainder != null) { try { // Use the PojoRest class to traverse our POJO model. PojoRest p = new PojoRest(o); o = p.get(pathRemainder); } catch (PojoRestException e) { throw new RestException(e.getStatus(), e); } catch (Exception e) { throw new RestException(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, e); } } return o; } }

Juneau defines the following converters out-of-the-box:

See Also:

7.20 - Messages

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#messages @RestResource(messages)} annotation is used to associate a resource bundle with a servlet class.

// Servlet with associated resource bundle @RestResource(messages="nls/MyMessages") public MyRestServlet extends BasicRestServlet { // Returns the localized greeting from the "greeting" key in MyMessages.properties @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/") public String printLocalizedGreeting(RestRequest req) { return req.getMessage("greeting"); }

The resource bundle can also be passed into the method by simply specifying a parameter of type {@link java.util.ResourceBundle} or {@link org.apache.juneau.utils.MessageBundle}:

@RestMethod(name=GET) public String printLocalizedGreeting(MessageBundle messages) { return messages.getString("greeting"); }

If a resource bundle is shared by multiple servlets, the label and description can be prefixed by the class name:

#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Contents of MyMessages.properties #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- greeting = Hello!

#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Contents of shared MyMessages.properties #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MyRestServlet.greeting = Hello!

See Also:

7.21 - Encoders

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#encoders @RestResource(encoders)} annotation can be used to associate character encoders with a servlet class. Encoders can be used to enable various kinds of compression (e.g. "gzip") on requests and responses based on the request Accept-Encoding and Content-Encoding headers.

Example:

// Servlet with automated support for GZIP compression @RestResource(encoders={GzipEncoder.class}) public MyRestServlet extends BasicRestServlet { ... }

Juneau defines the following encoders out-of-the-box:

See Also:

7.22 - SVL Variables

In the previous examples, there were several cases where embedded variables were contained within annotation values:

@RestResource( title="$L{my.label}" )

Variables take the form $X{contents} where X can consist of zero or more ASCII characters and contents can be virtually anything. This is called Simple Variable Language, or SVL, and is defined here: {@doc juneau-svl juneau-svl}.

Features

Variables are configured on resources via the following API:

Example:

// Defined a variable that simply wrapps all strings inside [] brackets. // e.g. "$BRACKET{foobar}" -> "[foobar]" public class BracketVar extends SimpleVar { public BracketVar() { super("BRACKET"); } @Override /* Var */ public String resolve(VarResolverSession session, String arg) { return '[' + arg + ']'; } } // Register it with our resource. @RestResource(...) public class MyResource { public MyResource(RestContextBuilder builder) { builder.vars(BracketVar.class); } }

The methods involved with variables are:

There are two distinct groups of variables:

The following is the default list of supported variables.

Default REST SVL Variables:
ModuleClassPatternInitialization
time
Request
time
Examples
juneau-svl {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.EnvVariablesVar} $E{key[,default]} yes yes $E{PATH}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.SystemPropertiesVar} $S{key[,default]} yes yes $S{java.home}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.ArgsVar} $A{key[,default]} yes yes $A{foo,null}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.ManifestFileVar} $MF{key[,default]} yes yes $MF{Main-Class}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.IfVar} $IF{arg,then[,else]} yes yes $IF{$S{my.boolean.property},foo,bar}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.SwitchVar} $SW{arg,p1:then1[,p2:then2...]} yes yes $SW{$P{os.name},*win*:Windows,*:Something else}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.CoalesceVar} $CO{arg1[,arg2...]} yes yes $CO{$S{my.property},$E{my.property},n/a}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.PatternMatchVar} $PM{arg,pattern} yes yes $PM{$P{os.name},*win*}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.NotEmptyVar} $NE{arg} yes yes $NE{$S{foo}}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.UpperCaseVar} $UC{arg} yes yes $UC{$S{foo}}
{@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.LowerCaseVar} $LC{arg} yes yes $LC{$S{foo}}
juneau-config {@link org.apache.juneau.config.vars.ConfigVar} $C{key[,default]} yes yes $C{REST/staticFiles}
juneau-rest-server {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.FileVar} $F{path[,default]}} yes yes $F{resources/MyAsideMessage.html, Oops not found!}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.ServletInitParamVar} $I{name[,default]} yes yes $I{my.param}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.LocalizationVar} $L{key[,args...]} no yes $L{MyMessage,foo,bar}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestAttributeVar} $RA{key1[,key2...]} no yes $RA{attrName}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestFormDataVar} $RF{key1[,key2...]} no yes $RF{paramName}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestHeaderVar} $RH{key1[,key2...]} no yes $RH{Header-Name}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestPathVar} $RP{key1[,key2...]} no yes $RP{pathVAr}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestQueryVar} $RQ{key1[,key2...]} no yes $RQ{paramName}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RequestVar} $R{key1[,key2...]} no yes $R{contextPath}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.RestInfoVar} $RI{key} no yes $RI{externalDocs}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.SerializedRequestAttrVar} $SA{contentType,key[,default]} no yes $SA{application/json,$RA{foo}}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.UrlVar} $U{uri}> no yes $U{servlet:/foo}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.UrlEncodeVar} $UE{uriPart} yes yes $U{servlet:/foo?bar=$UE{$RA{bar}}
{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.WidgetVar} $W{name} no yes $W{MenuItemWidget}

7.23 - Configuration Files

The Server API provides methods for associating configuration files with REST servlets so that configuration properties can be defined in external files.

In recap, the Configuration API provides support for INI-style configuration files with embedded string variables:

Example:

#-------------------------- # Examples #-------------------------- [MyProperties] path = $E{PATH} javaHome = $S{java.home} customMessage = Java home is $C{MyProperties/javaHome} and the environment path is $C{MyProperties/path}.

These properties are then accessible through the {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config} class.

Config c = Config.create("myconfig.cfg").build(); String path = c.getString("MyProperties/path"); File javaHome = c.getObject("MyProperties/javaHome", File.class); String customMessage = c.getString("MyProperties/customMessage");

Configuration files are associated with REST resources through the following:

Example:

@RestResource( // Config file is located at ./config_dir/myconfig.cfg config="config_dir/myconfig.cfg", ... ) public class MyResource {...}

The annotation itself can contain string variables. For example, the Microservice API {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} class defines the location of the config file as a system property "juneau.configFile":

@RestResource( // Config file location is defined as a system property config="$S{juneau.configFile}", ... ) public class MyResource {...}

Once a config file has been associated with a REST resource, it can be accessed through the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContextBuilder#getConfig()} method.

A common usage is to use this method to initialize fields in your servlet.

@RestResource( // Config file is located at ./config_dir/myconfig.cfg config="config_dir/myconfig.cfg", ... ) public class MyResource { private final String path; private final File javaHome; public MyResource(RestContextBuilder builder) { Config c = builder.getConfig(); path = c.getString("MyProperties/path"); javaHome = c.getObject(File.class, "MyProperties/javaHome"); }

Another common usage is to refer to config properties through $C variables in your annotations:

@RestResource( // Get stylesheet from myconfig.cfg, but default to devops.css if it's not specified htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( stylesheet="$C{MyServlet/stylesheet,servlet:/styles/devops.css}", ) ... ) public class MyResource {...}

It's even possible to reference request-level variables in your config file if you use {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestRequest#getConfig()} to access the config file:

#------------------------------------- # Contents of config_dir/myconfig.cfg #------------------------------------- [HelloWorldResource] message = Hello $RQ{person}!

/** * Sample REST resource that prints out a simple "Hello world!" message. */ @RestResource( config="config_dir/myconfig.cfg", ... ) public class HelloWorldResource extends BasicRestServlet { /** * GET request handler. * Specify the GET parameter "?person=X" for a specialized message! */ @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/") public String sayHello(RestRequest req) { return req.getConfig().getString("HelloWorldResource/message"); } }

You can even add resource bundles into the mix:

#------------------------------------- # Contents of config_dir/myconfig.cfg #------------------------------------- [HelloWorldResource] message = $L{localizedMessage,$RQ{person}}

#------------------------------------------- # Contents of HelloWorldResource.properties #------------------------------------------- localizedMessage = Hello {0}!

/** * Sample REST resource that prints out a simple "Hello world!" message. */ @RestResource( messages="HelloWorldResources", config="config_dir/myconfig.cfg", ... ) public class HelloWorldResource extends BasicRestServlet { /** * GET request handler. * Specify the GET parameter "?person=X" for a specialized message! */ @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/") public String sayHello(RestRequest req) { return req.getConfig().getString("HelloWorldResource/message"); } }

See Also:

7.24 - Static files

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#staticFiles @RestResource(staticFiles)} annotation is used to define paths and locations of statically-served files such as images or HTML documents.

The value is a JSON map of paths to packages/directories located on either the classpath or working directory.

Example:

package com.foo.mypackage; @RestResource( path="/myresource", staticFiles={"htdocs:docs"} ) public class MyResource extends BasicRestServlet {...}

Static files are found by calling {@link java.lang.Class#getResource(String)} up the class hierarchy. If not found, then an attempt is made to find the class in the Java working directory.

In the example above, given a GET request to /myresource/htdocs/foobar.html, the servlet will attempt to find the foobar.html file in the following ordered locations:

  1. com.foo.mypackage.docs package.
  2. [working-dir]/docs directory.
Notes:
See Also:

7.25 - Client Versioning

Client version headers are used to support backwards compatibility for breaking REST interface changes. Using them, you're able to return different responses based on which client is making a request.

The APIs involved with defining client version headers are:

Example:

// Option #1 - Defined via annotation resolving to a config file setting with default value. @RestResource(clientVersionHeader="Client-Version") public class MyResource { // Call this method if Client-Version is at least 2.0. // Note that this also matches 2.0.1. @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/foobar", clientVersion="2.0") public Object method1() { ... } // Call this method if Client-Version is at least 1.1, but less than 2.0. @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/foobar", clientVersion="[1.1,2.0)") public Object method2() { ... } // Call this method if Client-Version is less than 1.1. @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/foobar", clientVersion="[0,1.1)") public Object method3() { ... }

See Also:

7.26 - RestInfoProvider

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestInfoProvider} class is used to find the title and description for your resource and also generate the Swagger documentation. It can be overridden to provide your own custom Swagger documentation.

The methods on this interface are:

The info provider in turn supplies the information returned by the following methods:

Info providers are registered through the following property:

While you can implement this interface from scratch, you may want to instead consider extending from the BasicRestInfoProvider class described next.

7.26.1 - BasicRestInfoProvider

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestInfoProvider} class is the default implementation of the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestInfoProvider} interface.

It finds and collects information gathered from the following locations:

  • Localized JSON Swagger files in the classpath.
  • Reflection.
  • Annotations.
  • Properties files.

The class itself is designed to be extended if you wish to rely mostly on the default behavior, but tweak certain aspects.

7.27 - Swagger

One of the most useful features of Juneau is the ability to generate Swagger-based OPTIONS pages for self-documenting designs (i.e. REST interfaces that document themselves).

As described previously, the PetStore example provides an example of auto-generated Swagger JSON:

Using {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.ui.SwaggerUI}, we're able to render that JSON as a Swagger user interface:

7.27.1 - BasicRestServlet

Any subclass of {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} gets an auto-generated Swagger UI when performing an OPTIONS request with Accept:text/html.

The underlying mechanics are simple. The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet#getOptions(RestRequest)} method returns a {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.Swagger} bean consisting of information gathered from annotations and other sources. Then that bean is swapped for a {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.ui.SwaggerUI} bean when rendered as HTML.

Here's the class that defines the behavior:

@RestResource( // Allow OPTIONS requests to be simulated using ?method=OPTIONS query parameter. allowedMethodParams="OPTIONS", ... ) public abstract class BasicRestServlet extends RestServlet implements BasicRestConfig { /** * [OPTIONS /*] - Show resource options. * * @param req The HTTP request. * @return A bean containing the contents for the OPTIONS page. */ @RestMethod(name=OPTIONS, path="/*", summary="Swagger documentation", description="Swagger documentation for this resource.", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( // Override the nav links for the swagger page. navlinks={ "back: servlet:/", "json: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS&Accept=text/json&plainText=true" }, // Never show aside contents of page inherited from class. aside="NONE" ), // POJO swaps to apply to all serializers/parsers. pojoSwaps={ // Use the SwaggerUI swap when rendering Swagger beans. // This is a per-media-type swap that only applies to text/html requests. SwaggerUI.class }, // Properties to apply to all serializers/parsers and REST-specific API objects. properties={ // Add descriptions to the following types when not specified: @Property(name=JSONSCHEMA_addDescriptionsTo, value="bean,collection,array,map,enum"), // Add x-example to the following types: @Property(name=JSONSCHEMA_addExamplesTo, value="bean,collection,array,map"), // Don't generate schema information on the Swagger bean itself or HTML beans. @Property(name=JSONSCHEMA_ignoreTypes, value="Swagger,org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.*") }, // Shortcut for boolean properties. flags={ // Use $ref references for bean definitions to reduce duplication in Swagger. JSONSCHEMA_useBeanDefs } ) public Swagger getOptions(RestRequest req) { // Localized Swagger for this resource is available through the RestRequest object. return req.getSwagger(); } }

Note that to have your resource create Swagger UI, you must either extend from {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} or provide your own @RestMethod-annotated method that returns a {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.Swagger} object and a {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.swagger.ui.SwaggerUI} swap.

7.27.2 - Basic Swagger Info

Let's look at the various parts of the Petstore application Swagger UI to see how they are defined.

The top part of the page shows general information about the REST interface:

The information is pulled from the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#swagger() @RestResource(swagger)} annotation.

org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.petstore.PetStoreResource

@RestResource( path="/petstore", title="Petstore application", ... swagger=@ResourceSwagger("$F{PetStoreResource.json}"), ... ) public class PetStoreResource extends BasicRestServletJena {...}

In this particular case, the Swagger is pulled in from a localized Swagger JSON file located in the org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.petstore package using the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.FileVar $F} variable.

PetStoreResource.json

{ "swagger": "2.0", "info": { "version": "1.0.0", "title": "Swagger Petstore", "termsOfService": "You are on your own.", "contact": { "name": "Juneau Development Team", "email": "dev@juneau.apache.org", "url": "http://juneau.apache.org" }, "license": { "name": "Apache 2.0", "url": "http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html" } }, "externalDocs": { "description": "Find out more about Juneau", "url": "http://juneau.apache.org" }, ... }

Note that the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.FileVar $F} variable allows for request-locale-sensitive name matching so that you can provide localized Swagger information.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.FileVar $F} variable simply expands to a string to fill the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.ResourceSwagger#value() @ResourceSwagger(value)} annotation. You could equivalently embed JSON directly into your annotation like so:

@RestResource( path="/petstore", title="Petstore application", ... swagger=@ResourceSwagger( // Raw Simplified JSON. // Values are concatenated. "{", "swagger: '2.0',", "version: '1.0.0',", ... "}" ), ... ) public class PetStoreResource extends BasicRestServletJena {...}

However, a more typical (and less error-prone) scenario is to define all of your Swagger as annotations:

@RestResource( path="/petstore", title="Petstore application", ... swagger=@ResourceSwagger( version="1.0.0", title="Swagger Petstore", termsOfService="You are on your own.", contact=@Contact( name="Juneau Development Team", email="dev@juneau.apache.org", url="http://juneau.apache.org" ), license=@License( name="Apache 2.0", url="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html" ), externalDocs=@ExternalDocs( description="Find out more about Juneau", url="http://juneau.apache.org" ) ), ... ) public class PetStoreResource extends BasicRestServletJena {...}

All annotations support {@doc DefaultRestSvlVariables SVL variables}, so you could for example pull localized strings from resource bundles using {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.LocalizationVar $L} variables.

@RestResource( path="/petstore", title="Petstore application", messages="nls/MyMessages", ... swagger=@ResourceSwagger( version="1.0.0", title="$L{myTitle}", termsOfService="$L{myTermsOfService}", contact=@Contact( name="$L{myTeam}", email="dev@juneau.apache.org", url="http://juneau.apache.org" ), license=@License( name="Apache 2.0", url="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html" ), externalDocs=@ExternalDocs( description="$L{myExternalDocsDescription}", url="http://juneau.apache.org" ) ), ... ) public class PetStoreResource extends BasicRestServletJena {...}

A third option is to define your Swagger information in your {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#messages @RestResource(messages)} resource bundle using predefined Swagger keywords:

PetStoreResource.version = 1.0.0 PetStoreResource.title = Swagger Petstore PetStoreResource.termsOfService = You are on your own. PetStoreResource.contact = {name:'Juneau Development Team', email:'dev@juneau.apache.org',...} PetStoreResource.license = {name:'Apache 2.0',...} PetStoreResource.externalDocs = {description:'Find out more about Juneau',...}

Information defined in multiple locations are merged into a single set of data. When the same information is provided in multiple locations, the following order-of-precedence is used:

  1. Java annotations
  2. Resource bundle
  3. Swagger JSON file

7.27.3 - Tags

Tags allow you to group operations into general categories. In the user interface, these can be expanded/collapsed by clicking on the tag sections. In the example below, the pet and store tag sections are collapsed and the user section is not:

Tags are also defined in the @ResourceSwagger annotation

PetStoreResource.json

"tags": [ { "name": "pet", "description": "Everything about your Pets", "externalDocs": { "description": "Find out more", "url": "http://juneau.apache.org" } }, { "name": "store", "description": "Access to Petstore orders" }, { "name": "user", "description": "Operations about user", "externalDocs": { "description": "Find out more about our store", "url": "http://juneau.apache.org" } } ],

The annotation-only approach is shown here:

org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.petstore.PetStoreResource

swagger=@ResourceSwagger( ... tags={ @Tag( name="pet", description="Everything about your Pets", externalDocs=@ExternalDocs( description="Find out more", url="http://juneau.apache.org" ) ), @Tag( name="store", description="Access to Petstore orders" ), @Tag( name="user", description="Operations about user", externalDocs=@ExternalDocs( description="Find out more about our store", url="http://juneau.apache.org" ) ) } ),

Tags are associated with operations using the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.MethodSwagger#tags() @MethodSwagger(tags)} annotation:

GET /user operation

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/user", summary="Petstore users", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="user" ) ) public Collection<User> getUsers() throws NotAcceptable {...}

Operations can be mapped to multiple tags.

Tags are optional. Operations not mapped to tags are listed in the UI before tagged operations.

For example, the getTopPage() method in PetStoreResource is not tagged, as well as the getOptions() method inherited from BaseRestServlet, so these show up at the top of the page:

7.27.4 - Operations

@RestMethod-annotated methods automatically get rendered as Swagger operations:

The following shows the annotations defined on the GET /pet operation:

PetStoreResource.getPets()

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/pet", summary="All pets in the store", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="pet", ... ), ... ) public Collection<Pet> getPets() throws NotAcceptable { return store.getPets(); }

Methods marked as deprecated will show up as deprecated in the Swagger UI:

PetStoreResource.findPetsByTag()

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/pet/findByTags", summary="Finds Pets by tags", ... ) @Deprecated public Collection<Pet> findPetsByTags(...) { ... }

7.27.5 - Parameters

Expanding operations shows you a list of parameters:

Parameter information can be defined in a couple of ways. The typical way is through annotations on parameters being passed to your @RestMethod-annotated method, like so:

@RestMethod( ... ) public Collection<Pet> getPets( @Query( name="s", description={ "Search.", "Key/value pairs representing column names and search tokens.", "'*' and '?' can be used as meta-characters in string fields.", "'>', '>=', '<', and '<=' can be used as limits on numeric and date fields.", "Date fields can be matched with partial dates (e.g. '2018' to match any date in the year 2018)." }, type="array", collectionFormat="csv", example="Bill*,birthDate>2000" ) String[] s, @Query( name="v", description={ "View.", "Column names to display." }, type="array", collectionFormat="csv", example="name,birthDate" ) String[] v, ... ) throws NotAcceptable { ... }

Note: The type and collectionFormat values above are optional and auto-detected based on the parameter class type if omitted. They're included here for clarity. The examples will be explained in the next section.

Another option is to specify your parameter information in the parameters annotation as free-form Simple JSON. In the case of the PetStoreResource.getPets() method, we pull this information from a static field defined in the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.converters.Queryable} class:

PetStoreResource.getPets()

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/pet", summary="All pets in the store", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="pet", parameters={ Queryable.SWAGGER_PARAMS } ), ... converters={Queryable.class} ) public Collection<Pet> getPets() throws NotAcceptable { return store.getPets(); }

Queryable

public class Queryable implements RestConverter { public static final String SWAGGER_PARAMS="" + "{" + "in:'query'," + "name:'s'," + "description:'" + "Search.\n" + "Key/value pairs representing column names and search tokens.\n" + "\\'*\\' and \\'?\\' can be used as meta-characters in string fields.\n" + "\\'>\\', \\'>=\\', \\'<\\', and \\'<=\\' can be used as limits on numeric and date fields.\n" + "Date fields can be matched with partial dates (e.g. \\'2018\\' to match any date in the year 2018)." + "'," + "type:'array'," + "collectionFormat:'csv'," + "x-examples:{example:'?s=Bill*,birthDate>2000'}" + "}," + "{" + "in:'query'," + "name:'v'," + "description:'" + "View.\n" + "Column names to display." + "'," + "type:'array'," + "collectionFormat:'csv'," + "x-examples:{example:'?v=name,birthDate'}" + "}," ... ; }

This information could have also been defined in the Swagger JSON for the resource as well.

The parameter section contains information about the request body as well for PUT and POST methods, as shown here:

The definition of this method is shown here:

@RestMethod( summary="Add a new pet to the store", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="pet" ) ) public Ok postPet( @Body(description="Pet object to add to the store") PetCreate pet ) throws IdConflict, NotAcceptable, UnsupportedMediaType { store.create(pet); return OK; }

Note that the schema information on the body parameter is automatically detected if not provided.

7.27.6 - Parameter Examples

The model select box in the parameters can be expanded to show examples:

The examples for query/form-data/path/header parameters can be defined using the example attribute on your annotated parameters as shown here:

@RestMethod( ... ) public Collection<Pet> getPets( @Query( name="s", description={ "Search.", "Key/value pairs representing column names and search tokens.", "'*' and '?' can be used as meta-characters in string fields.", "'>', '>=', '<', and '<=' can be used as limits on numeric and date fields.", "Date fields can be matched with partial dates (e.g. '2018' to match any date in the year 2018)." }, type="array", collectionFormat="csv", example="Bill*,birthDate>2000" ) ... ) throws NotAcceptable { ... }

This value gets converted to an x-examples attribute in your parameter information:

{ "swagger": "2.0", "paths": { "/pet": { "get": { "operationId": "getPets", "summary": "All pets in the store", "parameters": [ { "in": "query", "name": "s", ... "x-examples": { "example": "?s=Bill*,birthDate>2000" } }, ...

Examples for request bodies includes all supported Content-Type values:

These are based on the parsers registered on your servlet or method.

Selecting any of the content types shows you a representative example for the POJO:

There are several options for defining examples for request bodies:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#example() @Body(example)} annotation.
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#examples() @Body(examples)} annotation.
  • Defining an "x-examples" field in the inherited Swagger JSON body field (classpath file or @ResourceSwagger(value)/@MethodSwagger(value)).
  • Defining an "x-examples" field in the Swagger Schema Object for the body (including referenced "$ref" schemas).
  • Allowing Juneau to auto-generate a code example.

When using {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#example() @Body(example)}, you specify a Simple JSON representation of your POJO. The Swagger generator will then convert that JSON into a POJO using the registered serializers on the REST method to produce examples for all supported language types.

Example:

// A JSON representation of a PetCreate object. @Body( example="{name:'Doggie',price:9.99,species:'Dog',tags:['friendly','cute']}" )

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#examples() @Body(examples)} annotation allows you to specify raw output values per media type. This field allows you to override the behavior and show examples for only specified media types or different examples for different media types.

Example:

// A JSON representation of a PetCreate object. @Body( examples={ "'application/json':'{name:\\'Doggie\\',species:\\'Dog\\'}',", "'text/uon':'(name:Doggie,species=Dog)'" } )

The Swagger generator uses these to create an x-examples entry in your generated Swagger:

"/pet": { "post": { "operationId": "postPet", "summary": "Add a new pet to the store", "parameters": [ { "in": "body", "description": "Pet object to add to the store", "required": true, "schema": { "$ref": "#/definitions/PetCreate" }, "x-examples": { "application/json": "{\n\t\"name\": \"Doggie\",\n\t\"species\": \"Dog\",\n\t\"price\": 9.99,\n\t\"tags\": [\n...", "application/json+simple": "{\n\tname: 'Doggie',\n\tspecies: 'Dog',\n\tprice: 9.99,\n\ttags: [\n\t\t'friendly...", "text/xml": "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<object>\n\t<name>Doggie</name&...", "text/html+stripped": "<table>\n\t<tr>\n\t\t<td>name</td>\n\t\t<td>Doggie</t...", "text/uon": "(\n\tname=Doggie,\n\tspecies=Dog,\n\tprice=9.99,\n\ttags=@(\n\t\tfriendly,\n\t\tcute\n\t)\n)", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded": "name=Doggie\n&species=Dog\n&price=9.99\n&tags=@(\n\tfriendly,\n\tcute\n)", "text/openapi": "(\n\tname=Doggie,\n\tspecies=Dog,\n\tprice=9.99,\n\ttags=@(\n\t\tfriendly,\n\t\tcute\n\t)\n)", "octal/msgpack": "84 A4 6E 61 6D 65 A6 44 6F 67 67 69 65 A7 73 70 65 63 69 65 73 A3 44 6F 67 A5 70 72 69 63 6...", "text/plain": "{name:'Doggie',species:'Dog',price:9.99,tags:['friendly','cute']}", "text/xml+rdf": "<rdf:RDF\n xmlns:rdf=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#\"\n xmlns:j=\"ht...", "text/turtle": "@prefix jp: <http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/> .\n@prefix j: <http://www.a...", "text/n-triple": "_:A59722791X3aX165d321a2b4X3aXX2dX7fca <http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/name> \"Doggie...", "text/n3": "@prefix jp: <http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/> .\n@prefix j: <http://www.apach..." } } ],

Another option is to define these directly in your resource Swagger JSON file, or via {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#swagger() @RestResource(swagger)}/{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestMethod#swagger() @RestMethod(swagger)}.

Juneau also supports auto-generation of JSON-Schema directly from POJO classes. By default, the generated swagger uses to the {@link org.apache.juneau.jsonschema.JsonSchemaGenerator#JSONSCHEMA_addExamplesTo JSONSCHEMA_addExamplesTo} setting to automatically add examples to beans, collections, arrays, and maps:

public abstract class BasicRestServlet extends RestServlet implements BasicRestConfig { @RestMethod(name=OPTIONS, path="/*", ... properties={ // Add x-example to the following types: @Property(name=JSONSCHEMA_addExamplesTo, value="bean,collection,array,map"), }, ... ) public Swagger getOptions(RestRequest req) {...}

Examples can be defined via static methods, fields, and annotations on the classes themselves.

Examples:

// Annotation on class. @Example("{name:'Doggie',price:9.99,species:'Dog',tags:['friendly','cute']}") public class PetCreate { ... }

// Annotation on static method. public class PetCreate { @Example public static PetCreate sample() { return new PetCreate("Doggie", 9.99f, "Dog", new String[] {"friendly","cute"}); } }

// Static method with specific name 'example'. public class PetCreate { public static PetCreate example() { return new PetCreate("Doggie", 9.99f, "Dog", new String[] {"friendly","cute"}); } }

// Static field. public class PetCreate { @Example public static PetCreate EXAMPLE = new PetCreate("Doggie", 9.99f, "Dog", new String[] {"friendly","cute"}); }

Examples can also be specified via generic properties as well using the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_examples} property at either the class or method level.

Example:

// Examples defined at class level. @RestResource( properties={ @Property( name=BEAN_examples, value="{'org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.petstore.PetCreate': {name:'Doggie',price:9.99,species:'Dog',tags:['friendly','cute']}}" ) } )

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.annotation.Example}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_examples BEAN_examples}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.jsonschema.JsonSchemaGenerator}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jsonschema.JsonSchemaGenerator#JSONSCHEMA_addExamplesTo JSONSCHEMA_addExamplesTo}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.jsonschema.JsonSchemaGenerator#JSONSCHEMA_allowNestedExamples JSONSCHEMA_allowNestedExamples}

7.27.7 - Responses

Under the input parameters are listed the possible responses for the resource:

The 200 response is determined by the return type on the method, in this case a collection of Pet objects:

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/pet", summary="All pets in the store", ... ) public Collection<Pet> getPets() throws NotAcceptable { return store.getPets(); }

Note that additional responses can be specified by throwing exceptions annotated with the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response @Response} annotation such as this one:

@Response(code=406, description="Not Acceptable") public class NotAcceptable extends RestException {...}

Like input parameters, the Swagger for responses can be define in multiple locations such as:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response @Response} annotated classes, methods, and parameters.
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#swagger() @RestResource(swagger)} / {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestMethod#swagger() @RestMethod(swagger)} annotations.
See Also:

7.27.8 - Response Examples

The model select box in the responses can be expanded to show examples:

PetStoreResource.getPet()

Examples are provided for any supported Accept type based on the serializers defined on your servlet/method.

application/json+simple
text/uon

Examples are pulled from the examples attribute in the response object of the generated Swagger JSON:

"/pet/{petId}": { "get": { "operationId": "getPet", "summary": "Find pet by ID", "description": "Returns a single pet", "responses": { "200": { "description": "OK", "schema": { "$ref": "#/definitions/Pet" }, "examples": { "text/html+stripped": "<table>\n\t<tr>\n\t\t<td>id</td>\n\t\t<td>\t\t\t<a href=\"...", "text/html+schema": "<html>\n\t<head>\n\t\t<link rel='icon' href='$U{servlet:/htdocs/cat.png}'/>...", "application/json": "{\n\t\"id\": 123,\n\t\"species\": {\n\t\t\"name\": \"Dog\",\n\t\t\"id\": 123\n\t},\n\t\"name\...", "application/json+simple": "{\n\tid: 123,\n\tspecies: {\n\t\tname: 'Dog',\n\t\tid: 123\n\t},\n\tname: 'Doggie',\n\...", "application/json+schema": "{\n\t\"type\": \"object\",\n\t\"properties\": {\n\t\t\"id\": {\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"inte...", "text/xml": "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<Pet>\n\t<id>123</id>\n\t<spec...", "text/xml+schema": "<schema xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\" targetNamespace=\"http://www.apache.org/...", "text/uon": "(\n\tid=123,\n\tspecies=(\n\t\tname=Dog,\n\t\tid=123\n\t),\n\tname=Doggie,\n\ttags=@(\n\t\t(\n\t\t\tn...", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded": "id=123\n&species=(\n\tname=Dog,\n\tid=123\n)\n&name=Doggie\n&tags=@(\n\t(\n\...", "text/openapi": "(\n\tid=123,\n\tspecies=(\n\t\tname=Dog,\n\t\tid=123\n\t),\n\tname=Doggie,\n\ttags=@(\n\t\t(\n\t\...", "octal/msgpack": "86 A2 69 64 7B A7 73 70 65 63 69 65 73 82 A4 6E 61 6D 65 A3 44 6F 67 A2 69 64 7B A4 6E 61 6D 65 ...", "text/xml+soap": "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<Envelope soap=\"http://www.w3.org/2003/05/...", "text/plain": "{id:123,species:{name:'Dog',id:123},name:'Doggie',tags:[{name:'MyTag',id:123}],price:0.0,status:'AV...", "text/xml+rdf": "<rdf:RDF\n xmlns:rdf=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#\"\n xmlns:j=\"http://...", "text/xml+rdf+abbrev": "<rdf:RDF\n xmlns:rdf=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#\"\n xmlns:j=\"...", "text/turtle": "@prefix jp: <http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/> .\n@prefix j: <http://www.apache...", "text/n-triple": "_:A720f0f4fX3aX165d4974933X3aXX2dX7f93 <http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/name> \"Dog\" .\n_:...", "text/n3": "@prefix jp: <http://www.apache.org/juneaubp/> .\n@prefix j: <http://www.apache.org..."

There are several options for defining examples for response bodies:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#example() @Response(example)} annotation.
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#examples() @Response(examples)} annotation.
  • Defining an "examples" field in the inherited Swagger JSON response object (classpath file or @ResourceSwagger(value)/@MethodSwagger(value)).
  • Defining an "examples" field in the Swagger Schema Object for the response object (including referenced "$ref" schemas).
  • Allowing Juneau to auto-generate a code example.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#example @Response(example)} annotation can be used on either your @RestMethod-annotated method or return class to define the example of the body.

// A JSON representation of a Pet object. @Response( example="{name:'Doggie',price:9.99,species:'Dog',tags:['friendly','cute']}" )

This is a Simple JSON representation of the body that is converted to a POJO and then serialized to all the registered serializers on the REST method to produce examples for all supported language types. These values are then used to automatically populate the examples field.

Direct per-media-type examples can also be defined using the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#examples @Response(examples)} annotation:

// A JSON representation of a PetCreate object. @Response( examples={ "'application/json':'{name:\\'Doggie\\',species:\\'Dog\\'}',", "'text/uon':'(name:Doggie,species=Dog)'" } )

Juneau also supports auto-generation of JSON-Schema directly from POJO classes. By default, the generated swagger uses to the {@link org.apache.juneau.jsonschema.JsonSchemaGenerator#JSONSCHEMA_addExamplesTo JSONSCHEMA_addExamplesTo} setting to automatically add examples to beans, collections, arrays, and maps:

In particular, examples can be defined via static methods, fields, and annotations on the classes themselves.

// Annotation on class. @Example("{name:'Doggie',price:9.99,species:'Dog',tags:['friendly','cute']}") public class PetCreate { ... }

// Annotation on static method. public class PetCreate { @Example public static PetCreate sample() { return new PetCreate("Doggie", 9.99f, "Dog", new String[] {"friendly","cute"}); } }

// Static method with specific name 'example'. public class PetCreate { public static PetCreate example() { return new PetCreate("Doggie", 9.99f, "Dog", new String[] {"friendly","cute"}); } }

// Static field. public class PetCreate { @Example public static PetCreate EXAMPLE = new PetCreate("Doggie", 9.99f, "Dog", new String[] {"friendly","cute"}); }

Examples can also be specified via generic properties as well using the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_examples} property at either the class or method level.

// Examples defined at class level. @RestResource( properties={ @Property( name=BEAN_examples, value="{'org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.petstore.PetCreate': {name:'Doggie',price:9.99,species:'Dog',tags:['friendly','cute']}}" ) } )

Response headers are also rendered in the Swagger UI:

These can be auto-generated from {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader @ResponseHeader} annotations defined on either method parameters or type classes. The example above shows one of each:

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/user/login", summary="Logs user into the system", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="user" ) ) public Ok login( @Query( name="username", description="The username for login", required=true, example="myuser" ) String username, @Query( name="password", description="The password for login in clear text", required=true, example="abc123" ) String password, @ResponseHeader( name="X-Rate-Limit", type="integer", format="int32", description="Calls per hour allowed by the user.", example="123" ) Value<Integer> rateLimit, Value<ExpiresAfter> expiresAfter, RestRequest req, RestResponse res ) throws InvalidLogin, NotAcceptable { if (! store.isValid(username, password)) throw new InvalidLogin(); Date d = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 30 * 60 * 1000); req.getSession().setAttribute("login-expires", d); rateLimit.set(1000); expiresAfter.set(new ExpiresAfter(d)); return OK; }

@ResponseHeader( name="X-Expires-After", type="string", format="date-time", description="Date in UTC when token expires", example="2012-10-21" ) public static class ExpiresAfter { private final Calendar c; public ExpiresAfter(Date d) { this.c = new GregorianCalendar(); c.setTime(d); } public Calendar toCalendar() { return c; } }

7.27.9 - Models

The {@link org.apache.juneau.jsonschema.JsonSchemaGenerator#JSONSCHEMA_useBeanDefs} setting can be used to reduce the size of your generated Swagger JSON files by creating model definitions for beans and referencing those definitions through $ref attributes.

By default, this flag is enabled when extending from {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet}:

public abstract class BasicRestServlet extends RestServlet implements BasicRestConfig { @RestMethod(name=OPTIONS, path="/*", ... flags={ // Use $ref references for bean definitions to reduce duplication in Swagger. JSONSCHEMA_useBeanDefs } ) public Swagger getOptions(RestRequest req) {...}

In the Swagger UI, this causes bean definitions to show up in the Models section at the bottom of the page:

Models section
Models section with Order bean expanded

In the generated Swagger JSON, embedded schema information for beans will be replaced with references such as the one shown below for the Order bean:

{ "swagger": "2.0", "paths": { "/store/order": { "get": { "operationId": "getOrders", "summary": "Petstore orders", "responses": { "200": { "description": "OK", "schema": { "description": "java.util.Collection<org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.petstore.Order>", "type": "array", "items": { "$ref": "#/definitions/Order" } }, ... ... ... ... ... }, "definitions": { "Order": { "type": "object", "properties": { "id": { "type": "integer", "format": "int64" }, "petId": { "type": "integer", "format": "int64" }, "shipDate": { "type": "string" }, "status": { "type": "string", "enum": [ "PLACED", "APPROVED", "DELIVERED" ] } }, "description": "org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.petstore.Order", "example": { "id": 123, "petId": 456, "shipDate": "2012-12-21", "status": "APPROVED" } }, ... }

Note that this does not affect how the information is rendered for that bean in the Swagger UI:

7.27.10 - SwaggerUI.css

The look-and-feel of the Swagger UI is controlled via a single CSS file: SwaggerUI.css.

In the microservice template, this file is located in the files/htdocs/styles directory. It's a simple straightforward file consisting of less than 350 lines. This file can be modified to change the look-and-feel of your Swagger UI.

7.28 - @HtmlDoc

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HtmlDoc @HtmlDoc} annotation is used to customize the HTML view of your serialized POJOs. It's used in the following locations:

The annotation itself is just a convenience for setting configuration properties set on the {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocSerializer} class. For example, the following two pieces of code are equivalent:

// Title defined via property. @RestResource( properties={ @Property(name=HTMLDOC_title, value="My Resource Page") } ) // Title defined via @HtmlDoc annotation. @RestResource( htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( title="My Resource Page" ) )

The purpose of these annotation is to populate the HTML document view which by default consists of the following structure:

<html> <head> <style type='text/css'> CSS styles and links to stylesheets </style> </head> <body> <header> Page header </header> <nav> Navigation links </nav> <aside> Side-bar text </aside> <article> Contents of serialized object </article> <footer> Footer message </footer> </body> </html>

The outline above is controlled by the {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocTemplate} interface which can be overridden via the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HtmlDoc#template @HtmlDoc(template)} annotation.

The HelloWorldResource class was an example of the @HtmlDoc annotation in use:

/** * Sample REST resource that prints out a simple "Hello world!" message. */ @RestResource( path="/helloWorld", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS" }, aside={ "<div style='max-width:400px' class='text'>", " <p>This page shows a resource that simply response with a 'Hello world!' message</p>", " <p>The POJO serialized is a simple String.</p>", "</div>" } ) ) public class HelloWorldResource extends BasicRestServlet {...}

SVL variables can be used in any of these annotations:

@RestResource( path="/helloWorld", // Register a config file. config="MyConfig.cfg", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS", // Add a nav link to view the source code for this class. "source: $C{Source/gitHub}/org/apache/juneau/examples/rest/$R{servletClassSimple}.java" }, aside={ // Localize our messages. "<div style='max-width:400px' class='text'>", " <p>$L{localizedMessage1}</p>", " <p>$L{localizedMessage2}</p>", "</div>" } ) ) public class HelloWorldResource extends BasicRestServlet {...}

See Also:

7.28.1 - User Interfaces (UI) vs. Developer Interfaces (DI)

An important distinction needs to be made about the HTML representations produced by the REST API. These should not be considered User Interfaces, but rather Developer Interfaces.

UIs should hide the end-user from the underlying architecture. The audience generally consists of non-technical people not interested in how the UI works.

DIs, on the other hand, should NOT hide the end-user from the underlying architecture. Instead, it's a thin veneer over the REST interface with the following goals:

  • Make it easy for the developer to explore and understand the REST API.
  • Make it easy for the developer to debug the REST API using simple tools (hopefully just a browser).

As a result, the following guidelines are recommended:

  • Use titles/descriptions/asides to describe why the REST interface exists. A developer knowing little about it should be able to access it with a browser and quickly understand what it is and how to use it.
  • Don't hide the raw data! The HTML view should simply be considered an easier-to-read representation of the data normally rendered in JSON or some other format.
  • Limit your use of Javascript! You can use it sparingly if you want to implement something simple like a pull-down menu to simplify some debug task, but remember that your audience cares more about interacting with your service programmatically using REST. Remember that the HTML is just icing on the cake.
  • Don't use it to implement a Web 2.0 interface! If you want a Web 2.0 UI, implement it separately ON TOP OF this REST interface. The architecture is flexible enough that you could in theory pull in and use jQuery, React, Angular, or any number of sophisticated Javascript UI frameworks. Resist the urge to do so.

7.28.2 - Widgets

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget} class allows you to add arbitrary HTML, CSS, and Javascript to HTML pages.
They are registered in the following locations:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HtmlDoc#widgets() HtmlDoc(widgets)}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContextBuilder#widgets(Class...)}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContextBuilder#widgets(Widget...)}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_widgets}
Example:

@RestMethod( widgets={ MyWidget.class } htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "$W{MyWidget}" }, aside={ "Check out this widget: $W{MyWidget}" } ) )

The Widget class is composed of the following methods:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget#getHtml(RestRequest) getHtml(RestRequest)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget#getStyle(RestRequest) getStyle(RestRequest)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget#getScript(RestRequest) getScript(RestRequest)}

The HTML content returned by the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget#getHtml(RestRequest) getHtml(RestRequest)} method is added wherever the "$W{...}" variable is used.

The CSS returned by {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget#getScript(RestRequest) getScript(RestRequest)} is added to the style section in the page header.

The Javascript returned by {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget#getScript(RestRequest) getScript(RestRequest)} is added to the script section in the page header.

The following examples shows how to associate a widget with a REST method and then have it rendered in the links and aside section of the page. It shows an example of a widget that renders an image located in the htdocs static files directory in your classpath (see {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#staticFiles() @RestResource(staticFiles)}):

public class MyWidget extends Widget { @Override /* Widget */ public String getHtml(RestRequest req) throws Exception { UriResolver r = req.getUriResolver(); // API used for resolving URIs. return "<img class='myimage' onclick='myalert(this)' src='"+r.resolve("servlet:/htdocs/myimage.png")+"'>"; } @Override /* Widget */ public String getScript(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return "" + "\n function myalert(imageElement) {" + "\n alert('cool!');" + "\n }"; } @Override /* Widget */ public String getStyle(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return "" + "\n .myimage {" + "\n border: 10px solid red;" + "\n }"; } }

The Widget class also defines the following two convenience methods for loading Javascript and CSS files from the classpath or file system.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget#getClasspathResourceAsString(String) getClasspathResourceAsString(String)}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Widget#getClasspathResourceAsString(String,Locale) getClasspathResourceAsString(String,Locale)}
Example:

public class MyWidget extends Widget { ... @Override /* Widget */ public String getScript(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return getClasspathResourceAsString("MyWidget.js"); } @Override /* Widget */ public String getStyle(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return getClasspathResourceAsString("MyWidget.css"); } }

See Also:
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_widgets}

7.28.3 - Predefined Widgets

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget} package contains predefined reusable widgets.

MenuItemWidget

{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.MenuItemWidget} is an abstract class for rendering menu items with drop-downs. It defines some simple CSS and Javascript for enabling drop-down menus in the nav section of the page (although nothing keeps you from using it in an arbitrary location in the page).

The script specifies a "menuClick(element)" function that toggles the visibility of the next sibling of the element.

Subclasses implement the following two methods:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.MenuItemWidget}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.MenuItemWidget#getLabel(RestRequest) getLabel(RestRequest)} - The menu item label.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.MenuItemWidget#getContent(RestRequest) getContent(RestRequest)} - The menu item content.

For example, to render a link that brings up a simple dialog in a div tag:

@Override public String getLabel() { return "my-menu-item"; }; @Override public Div getLabel() { return Html5Builder.div("Surprise!").style("color:red"); };

The HTML content returned by the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.MenuItemWidget#getHtml(RestRequest) getHtml(RestRequest)} method is added where the "$W{...}" is referenced in the page.

ContentTypeMenuItem

{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.ContentTypeMenuItem} is a predefined Widget that returns back a list of hyperlinks for rendering the contents of a page in a variety of content types.

The variable it resolves is "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}".

An example of this widget can be found in the PetStoreResource in the examples that provides a drop-down menu item for rendering all other supported content types in plain text:

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/", widgets={ ContentTypeMenuItem.class, }, htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "up: ...", "options: ...", "$W{QueryMenuItem}", "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}", "$W{ThemeMenuItem}", "source: ..." } ) ) public Collection<Pet> getPets() {

It renders the following popup-box:

QueryMenuItem

{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.QueryMenuItem} is a predefined Widget that returns a menu-item drop-down form for entering search/view/sort arguments.

The variable it resolves is "$W{QueryMenuItem}".

This widget is designed to be used in conjunction with the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.converters.Queryable} converter, although implementations can process the query parameters themselves if they wish to do so by using the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RequestQuery#getSearchArgs()} method to retrieve the arguments and process the data themselves.

An example of this widget can be found in the PetStoreResource in the examples that provides search/view/sort capabilities against the collection of POJOs:

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/", widgets={ QueryMenuItem.class, }, htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "up: ...", "options: ...", "$W{QueryMenuItem}", "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}", "$W{ThemeMenuItem}", "source: ..." } ), converters=Queryable.class ) public Collection<Pet> getPets() {

It renders the following popup-box:

Tooltips are provided by hovering over the field names.

When submitted, the form submits a GET request against the current URI with special GET search API query parameters. (e.g. "?s=column1=Foo*&v=column1,column2&o=column1,column2-&p=100&l=100"). The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.converters.Queryable} class knows how to perform these filters against collections of POJOs.

ThemeMenuItem

{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.ThemeMenuItem} is a predefined Widget that returns back a list of hyperlinks for rendering the contents of a page in the various default styles.

The variable it resolves is "$W{ThemeMenuItem}".

An example of this widget can be found in the PetStoreResource in the examples that provides a drop-down menu item for rendering all other supported content types in plain text:

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/", widgets={ ThemeMenuItem.class, }, htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "up: ...", "options: ...", "$W{QueryMenuItem}", "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}", "$W{ThemeMenuItem}", "source: ..." } ) ) public Collection<Pet> getPets() {

PoweredByJuneau

{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.PoweredByJuneau} is a predefined Widget that places a powered-by-Juneau message on a page.

The variable it resolves is "$W{PoweredByJuneau}".

It produces a simple Apache Juneau icon floating on the right. Typically it's used in the footer of the page, as shown below in the AddressBookResource from the examples:

@RestResource( path="/addressBook", widgets={ PoweredByJuneau.class }, htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( footer="$W{PoweredByJuneau}" )

It renders the following image:

Tooltip

{@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.Tooltip} is a predefined template for adding tooltips to HTML5 bean constructs, typically in menu item widgets.

The following examples shows how tooltips can be added to a menu item widget.

public class MyFormMenuItem extends MenuItemWidget { @Override public String getLabel(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return "myform"; } @Override public Object getContent(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return div( form().id("form").action("servlet:/form").method(POST).children( table( tr( th("Field 1:"), td(input().name("field1").type("text")), td(new Tooltip("(?)", "This is field #1!", br(), "(e.g. '", code("Foo"), "')")) ), tr( th("Field 2:"), td(input().name("field2").type("text")), td(new Tooltip("(?)", "This is field #2!", br(), "(e.g. '", code("Bar"), "')")) ) ) ) ); } }

7.28.4 - UI Customization

The HTML views of POJOs can somewhat be considered a rudimentary User Interface. In reality, a better term for them would be a Developer Interface as they're meant to be used primarily by developers and not end users. Despite that distinction, it is possible to 'brand' the HTML page to whatever you desire.

The sample root page below includes some default branding for Juneau and Apache:

http://localhost:10000/helloWorld

The Juneau REST framework does not provide specific branding support (i.e. there is no concept of a brand icon). Instead, it just uses the existing open-ended API for defining branding via annotations on your REST classes.

@RestResource( ... // HTML-page specific settings htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( // Default page header contents. header={ "<h1>$R{resourceTitle}</h1>", // Use @RestResource(title) "<h2>$R{methodSummary,resourceDescription}</h2>", // Use either @RestMethod(summary) or @RestResource(description) "$C{REST/header}" // Extra header HTML defined in external config file. }, // Default stylesheet to use for the page. // Can be overridden from external config file. // Default is DevOps look-and-feel (aka Depression look-and-feel). stylesheet="$C{REST/theme,servlet:/htdocs/themes/devops.css}", // Default contents to add to the <head> section of the HTML page. // Use it to add a favicon link to the page. head={ "<link rel='icon' href='$U{$C{REST/favicon}}'/>" }, // No default page footer contents. // Can be overridden from external config file. footer="$C{REST/footer}" ), // Optional external configuration file. config="$S{juneau.configFile}", // These are static files that are served up by the servlet under the specified sub-paths. // For example, "/servletPath/htdocs/javadoc.css" resolves to the file "[servlet-package]/htdocs/javadoc.css" // By default, we define static files through the external configuration file. staticFiles="$C{REST/staticFiles}" ) public interface BasicRestConfig {}

@RestResource( ... htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( // Basic page navigation links. navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS" } ) ), ... ) public abstract class BasicRestServlet extends RestServlet implements BasicRestConfig {...}

@RestResource public abstract class BasicRestServletGroup extends BasicRestServlet {...}

@RestResource( htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( widgets={ ContentTypeMenuItem.class, ThemeMenuItem.class }, navlinks={ "options: ?method=OPTIONS", "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}", "$W{ThemeMenuItem}", "source: $C{Source/gitHub}/org/apache/juneau/examples/rest/$R{servletClassSimple}.java" }, aside={ "<div style='max-width:400px' class='text'>", " <p>This is an example of a 'router' page that serves as a jumping-off point to child resources.</p>", " <p>Resources can be nested arbitrarily deep through router pages.</p>", " <p>Note the <span class='link'>options</span> link provided that lets you see the generated swagger doc for this page.</p>", " <p>Also note the <span class='link'>sources</span> link on these pages to view the source code for the page.</p>", " <p>All content on pages in the UI are serialized POJOs. In this case, it's a serialized array of beans with 2 properties, 'name' and 'description'.</p>", " <p>Other features (such as this aside) are added through annotations.</p>", "</div>" } ), ... ) public class RootResources extends BasicRestServletGroup {...}

The default annotation values use {@link org.apache.juneau.config.vars.ConfigVar $C} variables to pull in values from an optional external configuration file such as the one shown below:

#======================================================================================================================= # REST settings #======================================================================================================================= [REST] staticFiles = htdocs:files/htdocs # Stylesheet to use for HTML views. theme = servlet:/htdocs/themes/devops.css headerIcon = servlet:/htdocs/images/juneau.png headerLink = http://juneau.apache.org footerIcon = servlet:/htdocs/images/asf.png footerLink = http://www.apache.org favicon = $C{REST/headerIcon} header = <a href='$U{$C{REST/headerLink}}'> <img src='$U{$C{REST/headerIcon}}' style='position:absolute;top:5;right:5;background-color:transparent;height:30px'/> </a> footer = <a href='$U{$C{REST/footerLink}}'> <img src='$U{$C{REST/footerIcon}}' style='float:right;padding-right:20px;height:32px'/> </a>

The take-away here is that the "User Interface" is open-ended, lets you define pretty much anything you want through arbitrary HTML, and allows you either hardcode your interface inside annotations or pull them in via string variables from other places such as external config files.

See Also:

7.28.5 - Stylesheets

The sample root page renders in the default "devops" look-and-feel:

http://localhost:10000

The sample root page provides a dropdown widget to try out the other default look-and-feels:

For example, the "light" look-and-feel:

http://localhost:10000/?stylesheet=styles%2Flight.css

And the "dark" look-and-feel:

http://localhost:10000/?stylesheet=styles%2Fdark.css

The stylesheet URL is controlled by the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.HtmlDoc#stylesheet() @HtmlDoc(stylesheet)} annotation. The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} class defines the stylesheet served up as a static file:

@RestResource( htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( stylesheet="$C{REST/stylesheet,servlet:/styles/devops.css}", ), staticFiles={"styles:styles"} ) public abstract class BasicRestServlet extends RestServlet {...}

The "$C{REST/stylesheet,servlet:/styles/devops.css}" variable says to use the URI defined in your servlet's config file, if there is one, and to default to serving up the file org/apache/juneau/rest/styles/devops.css.

To provide your own stylesheet, simply override the stylesheet attribute and point to a different file:

@RestResource( htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( stylesheet="servlet:/my-styles/my-style.css}", ), staticFiles={"my-styles:my-styles"} ) public class MyResourceBaseClass extends BasicRestServlet {...}

You can try out different stylesheets by passing in a stylesheet attribute in the request URL. The example above show this in use.

In case you're curious about how the menu item works, it's defined via a widget:

@RestResource( htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( widgets={ PoweredByApache.class, ContentTypeMenuItem.class, StyleMenuItem.class }, navlinks={ "options: ?method=OPTIONS", "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}", "$W{StyleMenuItem}", "source: $C{Source/gitHub}/org/apache/juneau/examples/rest/$R{servletClassSimple}.java" }, ) public class RootResources extends BasicRestServletJenaGroup {...}

The StyleMenuItem is a widget that extends from {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.widget.MenuItemWidget}, a specialized widget for creating pop-up menus. In the case of StyleMenuItem, it's simply returning a list of links wrapped in a div tag:

import static org.apache.juneau.dto.html5.HtmlBuilder.*; public class StyleMenuItem extends MenuItemWidget { private static final String[] BUILT_IN_STYLES = {"devops", "light", "original", "dark"}; @Override /* Widget */ public String getLabel(RestRequest req) { return "styles"; } @Override /* MenuItemWidget */ public Div getContent(RestRequest req) throws Exception { Div div = div(); for (String s : BUILT_IN_STYLES) { java.net.URI uri = req.getUri(true, new AMap<String,String>().append("stylesheet", "styles/"+s+".css")); div.children(a(uri, s), br()); } return div; } }

7.29 - Default Headers

The following annotations are provided for specifying default header values for requests and responses:

Example:

// Servlet with default headers @RestResource( // Assume "text/json" Accept value when Accept not specified defaultRequestHeaders={"Accept: text/json"}, // Add a version header attribute to all responses defaultResponseHeaders={"X-Version: 1.0"} ) public MyRestServlet extends BasicRestServlet { ... }

Default headers can also be specified programmatically by overriding the following methods:

7.30 - Logging and Error Handling

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestContext#REST_logger} property allows you to configure logging for your resource. The interface is shown below:

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestLogger#logObjects(Level,String,Object[]) logObjects()} method is particularly useful because it allows you to pass in POJOs as arguments that serialized using {@link org.apache.juneau.json.SimpleJsonSerializer#DEFAULT_READABLE}, but only if the message is actually logged.

Example:

logger.logObjects(DEBUG, "Pojo contents:\n{0}", myPojo);

By default, the Juneau framework uses the built-in Java Logging API for logging. But you can define your own implementation to use any framework you wish.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestLogger} instance is accessible via the following:

In addition, the logger can be accessed by passing it as a parameter to your REST java method:

@RestMethod() public Object doSomething(RestLogger logger) {...}

If your resource extends from {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet}, you can also use and override the following methods:

7.31 - HTTP Status Codes

By default, a 200 (OK) status is automatically set as the HTTP status when a Java method executes successfully.

Other status codes can be generated by throwing a {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestException} with a specific HTTP status code, or calling {@link javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse#setStatus(int)}.

Non-OK (200) status codes are automatically triggered by the following conditions:

Code Description When triggered
401 Unauthorized A {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestGuard guard} prevented the method from being executed
404 Not Found No matching path patterns were found on any method
405 Method Not Implemented A path pattern matched, but no Java methods were found for the HTTP method
406 Not Acceptable A path pattern matched, but no Java methods were found with a matching serializer for the Accept on the request
412 Precondition Failed A path pattern matched, but no Java methods were found that were not rejected by {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestMatcher matchers}
415 Unsupported Media Type A path pattern matched, but no Java methods were found with a matching parser for the Content-Type on the request
500 Internal Server Error The Java method threw an exception other than {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestException}

7.32 - Overloading HTTP Methods

Through the use of the built-in "method" GET parameter, you can implement requests beyond the basic REST http method types.

For example, the URL "/sample/foo?method=BAR" will cause the following method to be invoked...

@RestMethod(name="BAR") public void doBar(RestRequest req, RestResponse res) { // Handle BAR requests }

To support overloaded methods, the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#allowedMethodParams() @RestResource(allowedMethodParams)} setting must be enabled on your servlet.

@RestResource( // Allow &method parameter on BAR requests allowedMethodParams="BAR" )

7.33 - Built-in Parameters

The following URL parameters have special meaning and can be passed in through the URL of the request:

GET Parameter Description
&plainText=true Response will always be Content-Type: text/plain and the returned text will be human-readable ({@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.WriterSerializer#SERIALIZER_useWhitespace SERIALIZER_useWhitespace} enabled).
Useful for debugging.
&debug=true Request body content will be dumped to log file.
&noTrace=true If an error occurs, don't log the stack trace to the log file.
Useful for automated JUnit testcases testing error states to prevent the log file from filling up with useless stack traces.
&method=X Overload the HTTP method as a GET parameter (e.g "POST").
Must be enabled via {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#allowedMethodParams() @RestResource(allowedMethodParams)} setting.
&Header-Name=headerValue Specify a header value as a GET parameter.
Must be enabled via {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#allowHeaderParams() @RestResource(allowHeaderParams)} setting.
&body=X Pass in the HTTP body content on PUT and POST methods as a UON-encoded GET parameter.
Must be enabled via {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#allowBodyParam() @RestResource(allowBodyParam)} setting.
&x-response-headers=X Pass-through headers to the response.
Must be a UON-encoded map of key-value pairs.

7.34 - Custom Serializers and Parsers

A very easy-to-use API is provided for defining your own serializers and parsers at both the servlet and method levels.

The following examples show a custom serializer and parser defined at the method level. It's the PhotosResource class pulled from the Samples project. It shows an example of defining a serializer and parser to handle images.

/** * Sample resource that allows images to be uploaded and retrieved. */ @RestResource( path="/photos", messages="nls/PhotosResource", title="Photo REST service", description="Use a tool like Poster to upload and retrieve jpeg and png images.", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "options: ?method=OPTIONS" } ) ) public class PhotosResource extends BasicRestServlet { // Our cache of photos private Map<Integer,Photo> photos = new TreeMap<Integer,Photo>(); /** Bean class for storing photos */ public static class Photo { private int id; BufferedImage image; Photo(int id, BufferedImage image) { this.id = id; this.image = image; } public URI getURI() throws URISyntaxException { return new URI("photos/"+id); } public int getID() { return id; } } /** GET request handler for list of all photos */ @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/") public Collection<Photo> getAllPhotos(RestRequest req, RestResponse res) throws Exception { res.setPageTitle("Photo REST service"); res.setPageText("Use a tool like Poster to upload and retrieve jpeg and png images."); return photos.values(); } /** GET request handler for single photo */ @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/{id}", serializers=ImageSerializer.class) public BufferedImage getPhoto(RestRequest req, @Path("id") int id) throws Exception { Photo p = photos.get(id); if (p == null) throw new RestException(SC_NOT_FOUND, "Photo not found"); return p.image; } /** PUT request handler */ @RestMethod(name=PUT, path="/{id}", parsers=ImageParser.class) public String addPhoto(RestRequest req, @Path("id") int id, @Body BufferedImage image) throws Exception { photos.put(id, new Photo(id, image)); return "OK"; } /** POST request handler */ @RestMethod(name=POST, path="/", parsers=ImageParser.class) public Photo setPhoto(RestRequest req, @Body BufferedImage image) throws Exception { int id = photos.size(); Photo p = new Photo(id, image); photos.put(id, p); return p; } /** DELETE request handler */ @RestMethod(name=DELETE, path="/{id}") public String deletePhoto(RestRequest req, @Path("id") int id) throws Exception { Photo p = photos.remove(id); if (p == null) throw new RestException(SC_NOT_FOUND, "Photo not found"); return "OK"; } /** OPTIONS request handler */ @RestMethod(name=OPTIONS, path="/*") public Swagger getOptions(RestRequest req) { return req.getSwagger(); } /** Serializer for converting images to byte streams */ @Produces("image/png,image/jpeg") public static class ImageSerializer extends OutputStreamSerializer { @Override /* Serializer */ public void serialize(Object o, OutputStream out, SerializerSession session) throws IOException, SerializeException { RenderedImage image = (RenderedImage)o; String mediaType = ctx.getMediaType(); ImageIO.write(image, mediaType.substring(mediaType.indexOf('/')+1), out); } } /** Parser for converting byte streams to images */ @Consumes("image/png,image/jpeg") public static class ImageParser extends InputStreamParser { @Override /* Parser */ public <T> T parse(InputStream in, ClassMeta<T> type, ParserSession session) throws ParseException, IOException { BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(in); return (T)image; } } }

7.35 - Using with OSGi

Since REST servlets are basically just HttpServlets, incorporating them into an OSGi environment is pretty straightforward.

The following code shows how to register your REST servlets in an OSGi Activator:

package org.apache.juneau.examples.rest; import org.osgi.framework.*; import org.osgi.service.http.*; import org.osgi.util.tracker.*; import org.apache.juneau.rest.samples.*; /** * Activator class used when running samples as a bundle in an OSGi environment. */ public class Activator implements BundleActivator, ServiceTrackerCustomizer { private ServiceTracker httpServiceTracker; private BundleContext context; @Override /* BundleActivator */ public void start(BundleContext context) throws Exception { this.context = context; httpServiceTracker = new ServiceTracker(context, HttpService.class.getName(), this); httpServiceTracker.open(); } @Override /* BundleActivator */ public void stop(BundleContext context) throws Exception { httpServiceTracker.close(); } @Override /* ServiceTrackerCustomizer */ public Object addingService(ServiceReference reference) { Object service = context.getService(reference); if (service instanceof HttpService) { HttpService s = (HttpService)service; try { s.registerServlet("/sample", new MyRestServlet(), null, null); } catch (Exception e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } } return service; } @Override /* ServiceTrackerCustomizer */ public void modifiedService(ServiceReference reference, Object service) { } @Override /* ServiceTrackerCustomizer */ public void removedService(ServiceReference reference, Object service) { } }

7.36 - Serverless Unit Testing

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockRest} class is a simple yet powerful interface for creating serverless unit tests for your REST interfaces.

The following shows a self-encapsulated standalone JUnit testcase that tests the functionality of a simple REST interface.

Example:

public class MockTest { // Our REST resource to test. @RestResource(serializers=JsonSerializer.Simple.class, parsers=JsonParser.class) public static class MyRest { @RestMethod(name=PUT, path="/String") public String echo(@Body String b) { return b; } } @Test public void testEcho() throws Exception { MockRest.create(MyRest.class).put("/String", "'foo'").execute().assertStatus(200).assertBody("'foo'")); } }

The API consists of the following classes:

The concept of the design is simple. The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockRest} class is used to create instances of {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockServletRequest} and {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockServletResponse} which are passed directly to the call handler on the resource class {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestCallHandler#service(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse)}.

Breaking apart the fluent method call above will help you understand how this works.

@Test public void testEcho() throws Exception { // Instantiate our mock. MockRest mr = MockRest.create(MyRest.class); // Create a request. MockServletRequest req = mr.put("/String", "'foo'"); // Execute it (by calling RestCallHandler.service(...) and then returning the response object). MockServletResponse res = req.execute(); // Run assertion tests on the results. res.assertStatus(200); res.assertBody("'foo'"); }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockRest} class provides the following methods for creating requests:

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockServletRequest} class provides default implementations for all the methods defined on the {@link javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest} in addition to many convenience methods.

The following fluent convenience methods are provided for setting common Accept and Content-Type headers.

The following fluent convenience methods are provided for building up your request.

Fluent setters are provided for all common request headers:

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockServletResponse} class provides default implementations for all the methods defined on the {@link javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse} in addition to many convenience methods.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockRest} object can also be used with the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClient} class to perform serverless unit testing through the client API of REST resources. This can be useful for testing of interface proxies against REST interfaces (described later).

The example above can be rewritten to use a mock as follows:

Example:

public class MockTest { // Our REST resource to test. @RestResource(serializers=JsonSerializer.Simple.class, parsers=JsonParser.class) public static class MyRest { @RestMethod(name=PUT, path="/String") public String echo(@Body String b) { return b; } } @Test public void testEcho() throws Exception { MockRest mr = MockRest.create(MyRest.class); RestClient rc = RestClient.create().mockHttpConnection(mr).build(); assertEquals("'OK'", rc.doPut("/String", "'OK'").getResponseAsString()); } }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#mockHttpConnection(MockHttpConnection)} method allows you to pass in a mocked interface for creating HTTP requests through the client interface. The method creates a specialized HttpClientConnectionManager for handling requests by taking information on the client-side request and populating the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockServletRequest} and {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockServletResponse} objects directly without involving any sockets.

7.37 - Using with Spring and Injection frameworks

The Juneau REST server API is compatible with dependency injection frameworks such as Spring.

The important class is the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestResourceResolver} class which is used to resolve child servlet/resource implementation classes inside parent contexts. In other words, it's used for resolving {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#children() @RestResource(children)} instances.

The general approach starts with defining a resolver that uses the Spring application context for resolution:

public class SpringRestResourceResolver extends RestResourceResolverSimple { private final ApplicationContext appContext; public SpringRestResourceResolver(ApplicationContext appContext) { this.appContext = appContext; } @Override /* RestResourceResolverSimple */ public Object resolve(Class<?> resourceType, RestContextBuilder builder) throws Exception { Object resource = appContext.getBean(type); // If Spring can't resolve it, use default resolution (just look for no-arg constructor). if (resource == null) { resource = super.resolve(resourceType, builder); } return resource; } }

Next, define the Spring configuration to return our resolver:

@Configuration public abstract class MySpringConfiguration { @Autowired private static ApplicationContext appContext; public static ApplicationContext getAppContext(){ return appContext; } public static void setAppContext(ApplicationContext appContext){ MySpringConfiguration.appContext = appContext; } @Bean public RestResourceResolver restResourceResolver(ApplicationContext appContext) { return new SpringRestResourceResolver(appContext); } }

Finally, define your Root resource with a constructor that takes in our rest resource resolver and sets it on the config object during initialization.

@RestResource( children={ ... } ) public class Root extends BasicRestServletGroup { private final RestResourceResolver resolver; @Inject public Root(RestResourceResolver resolver) { this.resolver = resolver; } @RestHook(INIT) public void initSpring(RestContextBuilder builder) throws Exception { builder.setResourceResolver(resolver); } }

After that, just define constructors on your child resources to take in Spring beans:

@RestResource( path="/child" ) public class MyChildResource extends BasicRestServlet { private final Bean1 bean1; private final Bean2 bean2; private final Bean3 bean3; @Inject public MyChildResource(Bean1 bean1, Bean2 bean2, Bean3 bean3) { this.bean1 = bean1; this.bean2 = bean2; this.bean3 = bean3; }

7.38 - Using HTTP/2 features

Juneau is built as a veneer on top of the Servlet API, allowing you to use low-level Servlet APIs whenever needed. This allows you to take advantage of the newest HTTP/2 features implemented in the new Servlet 4.0 specification.

7.39 - Other Notes

8 - juneau-rest-server-jaxrs

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-rest-server-jaxrs</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-rest-server-jaxrs-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.rest.server_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

The juneau-rest-server-jaxrs library provides an implementation of a MessageBodyReader and MessageBodyWriter to allow any of the Juneau serializers and parsers to be used in a JAX/RS environment.

8.1 - Juneau JAX-RS Provider

The Juneau framework contains the juneau-rest-server-jaxrs bundle for performing simple integration of Juneau serializers and parsers in JAX-RS compliant environments.

It should be noted that although some of the functionality of the Juneau Server API is provided through the JAX-RS integration components, it is not nearly as flexible as using the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet} class directly.

What you can do with the Juneau JAX-RS provider classes:

What you can't do with the Juneau JAX-RS provider classes:

The Juneau JAX-RS provider API consists of the following classes:

For the most part, when using these components, you'll either use the existing BasicProvider, or define your own by subclassing BaseProvider.

9 - juneau-rest-server-springboot

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-rest-server-springboot</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-rest-server-springboot-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.rest.server.springboot_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

The juneau-rest-server-springboot library provides classes to make it easy to integrate Juneau REST resources with Spring and Spring Boot.

9.1 - Overview

The Juneau integration component for Spring Boot consists of the following classes:

A typical Spring Boot application can use the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.springboot.JuneauRestInitializer} to find and register Juneau REST servlets via the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.springboot.annotation.JuneauRestRoot} annotation.

Example:

@SpringBootApplication @Controller public class App { public static void main(String[] args) { new SpringApplicationBuilder(App.class) .initializers(new JuneauRestInitializer(App.class)) .run(args); } /** Our root resource */ @Bean @JuneauRestRoot public RootResource getRootResource() { return new RootResource(); // A subclass of RestServlet. } }

The initializer will search for Spring beans annotated with the @JuneauRestRoot annotation identifying it as a top-level servlet to be deployed in the Spring Boot web container.

Another option is to use the @JuneauRestRoot annotation on your Spring Boot source class like so:

@SpringBootApplication @Controller @JuneauRestRoot(servlets=RootResource.class) public class App { public static void main(String[] args) { new SpringApplicationBuilder(App.class) .initializers(new JuneauRestInitializer(App.class)) .run(args); } }

The root servlets are given an instance of {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.springboot.SpringRestResourceResolver} which allows for child resources to be defined as injectable Spring beans.

The {@doc juneau-examples-rest-springboot} section describes how the Examples REST application is deployed using Spring Boot and quickly deployable as an online application using Heroku.

10 - juneau-rest-client

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-rest-client</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-rest-client-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.rest.client_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

The REST client API provides the ability to access remote REST interfaces and transparently convert the input and output to and from POJOs using any of the provided serializers and parsers.

Built upon the Apache HttpClient libraries, it extends that API and provides specialized APIs for working with REST interfaces while maintaining all the functionality available in the HttpClient API.

// Create a reusable JSON client. try (RestClient client = RestClient.create().json().build()) { // The address of the root resource. String url = "http://localhost:10000/addressBook"; // Do a REST GET against a remote REST interface and convert // the response to an unstructured ObjectMap object. ObjectMap m1 = client.doGet(url).getResponse(ObjectMap.class); // Same as above, except parse the JSON as a bean. AddressBook a2 = client.doGet(url).getResponse(AddressBook.class); } try (RestClient client = RestClient.create().serializer(XmlSerializer.class).parser(XmlSerializer.class).build()) { // Add a person to the address book. // Use XML as the transport medium. Person p = new Person("Joe Smith", 21); int returnCode = client.doPost(url + "/entries", p).run(); }

Juneau provides an HTTP client API that makes it extremely simple to connect to remote REST interfaces and seemlessly send and receive serialized POJOs in requests and responses.

Features

The client API is designed to work as a thin layer on top of the proven Apache HttpClient API. By leveraging the HttpClient library, details such as SSL certificate negotiation, proxies, encoding, etc... are all handled in Apache code.

The Juneau client API prereq's Apache HttpClient 4.5+. At a minimum, the following jars are required:

Example:

// Examples below use the Juneau Address Book resource example // Create a reusable client with JSON support try (RestClient client = RestClient.create().json().build()) { // GET request, ignoring output try { int rc = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook").run(); // Succeeded! } catch (RestCallException e) { // Failed! System.err.println( String.format("status=%s, message=%s", e.getResponseStatus(), e.getResponseMessage()) ); } // Remaining examples ignore thrown exceptions. // GET request, secure, ignoring output client.doGet("https://localhost:9443/sample/addressBook").run(); // GET request, getting output as a String. No POJO parsing is performed. // Note that when calling one of the getX() methods, you don't need to call connect() or disconnect(), since // it's automatically called for you. String output = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook") .getResponseAsString(); // GET request, getting output as a Reader Reader r = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook") .getReader(); // GET request, getting output as an untyped map // Input must be an object (e.g. "{...}") ObjectMap m = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook/0") .getResponse(ObjectMap.class); // GET request, getting output as an untyped list // Input must be an array (e.g. "[...]") ObjectList l = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook") .getResponse(ObjectList.class); // GET request, getting output as a parsed bean // Input must be an object (e.g. "{...}") // Note that you don't have to do any casting! Person p = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook/0") .getResponse(Person.class); // GET request, getting output as a parsed bean // Input must be an array of objects (e.g. "[{...},{...}]") Person[] pa = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook") .getResponse(Person[].class); // Same as above, except as a List<Person> List<Person> pl = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook") .getResponse(List.class, Person.class); // GET request, getting output as a parsed string // Input must be a string (e.g. "<string>foo</string>" or "'foo'") String name = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook/0/name") .getResponse(String.class); // GET request, getting output as a parsed number // Input must be a number (e.g. "<number>123</number>" or "123") int age = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook/0/age") .getResponse(Integer.class); // GET request, getting output as a parsed boolean // Input must be a boolean (e.g. "<boolean>true</boolean>" or "true") boolean isCurrent = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook/0/addresses/0/isCurrent") .getResponse(Boolean.class); } // GET request, getting a filtered object try (RestClient client = RestClient.create().pojoSwaps(CalendarSwap.ISO8601.class).build()) { Calendar birthDate = client.doGet("http://localhost:10000/addressBook/0/birthDate") .getResponse(GregorianCalendar.class); // PUT request on regular field String newName = "John Smith"; int rc = client.doPut("http://localhost:10000/addressBook/0/name", newName).run(); // PUT request on filtered field Calendar newBirthDate = new GregorianCalendar(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6); rc = client.doPut("http://localhost:10000/addressBook/0/birthDate", newBirthDate).run(); // POST of a new entry to a list Address newAddress = new Address("101 Main St", "Anywhere", "NY", 12121, false); rc = client.doPost("http://localhost:10000/addressBook/0/addresses", newAddress).run(); }

Notes:

10.1 - REST Proxies

The juneau-rest-client library can also be used to define interface proxies against 3rd-party REST interfaces. This is an extremely powerful feature that allows you to quickly define easy-to-use interfaces against virtually any REST interface.

Remote resources are instantiated using one of the following methods:

Annotations are used on the interface and interface methods to specify how to convert input and output to HTTP headers, query parameters, form post parameters, or request/response bodies.

Example:

@RemoteResource(path="/petstore") public interface PetStore { @RemoteMethod(httpMethod=POST, path="/pets") String addPet( @Body CreatePet pet, @Header("E-Tag") UUID etag, @Query("debug") boolean debug ); }

// Use a RestClient with default Simple JSON support. try (RestClient client = RestClient.create().simpleJson().build()) { PetStore store = client.getRemoteResource(PetStore.class, "http://localhost:10000"); CreatePet pet = new CreatePet("Fluffy", 9.99); String response = store.createPet(pet, UUID.randomUUID(), true); }

The call above translates to the following REST call:

POST http://localhost:10000/petstore/pets?debug=true HTTP/1.1 Accept: application/json Content-Type: application/json E-Tag: 475588d4-0b27-4f56-9296-cc683251d314 { name: 'Fluffy', price: 9.99 }

10.1.1 - @RemoteResource

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteResource @RemoteResource} annotation is used on your interface class to identify it as a REST proxy interface.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteResource}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteResource#path path}

The @RemoteResource annotation is optional, but often included for code readability.

@RemoteResource(path)

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteResource#path @RemoteResource(path)} annotation is used to define the HTTP path of the REST service.

The path can be an absolute path to your REST service.

Example:

@RemoteResource(path="http://localhost:10000/petstore") public interface PetStore {...}

PetStore p = client.getRemoteResource(PetStore.class);

When a relative path is specified, it's relative to the root-url defined on the RestClient used to instantiate the interface.

Example:

@RemoteResource(path="/petstore") public interface PetStore {...}

RestClient client = RestClient.create().json().rootUrl("http://localhost:10000").build(); PetStore p = client.getRemoteResource(PetStore.class);

When no path is specified, the root-url defined on the RestClient is used.

Example:

@RemoteResource public interface PetStore {...}

RestClient client = RestClient.create().json().rootUrl("http://localhost:10000/petstore").build(); PetStore p = client.getRemoteResource(PetStore.class);

10.1.2 - @RemoteMethod

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteMethod @RemoteMethod} annotation is applied to methods of @RemoteResource-annotated interfaces to identify REST endpoints.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteMethod}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteMethod#method method}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteMethod#path path}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteMethod#returns returns}
@RemoteMethod(method/path)

The HTTP method and path are mapped to a Java method using the method and path annotations.

Example:

@RemoteResource public interface PetStore { // GET /pets/{petId} @RemoteMethod(method="GET", path="/pets/{petId}") Pet getPet(@Path("petId") int id); }

The Java method name can be anything.

Inferred method/path

In such cases, method and path annotations are optional if you follow certain naming conventions on your method that identify the method and path.

For example, the getPet method below defaults to GET /pet:

@RemoteResource public interface PetStore { // GET /pet @RemoteMethod Pet getPet(...); }

In such cases, the @RemoteMethod annotation is optional.

Method names matching the following pattern are assumed to be implying the HTTP method name:

(get|put|post|delete|options|head|connect|trace|patch).*

do(?i)(get|put|post|delete|options|head|connect|trace|patch)

Examples:
Java method name Inferred HTTP method Inferred HTTP path
getPet() GET /pet
get() GET /
postPet() POST /pet
fooPet() [default] /fooPet
doGet() GET /
doGET() GET /
doFoo() [default] /doFoo
@RemoteMethod(returns)

The return type of the Java methods of can be any of the following:

  • void - Don't parse any response.
    Note that the method will still throw a runtime exception if an error HTTP status is returned.
  • Any {@doc PojoCategories parsable} POJO - The body of the response will be converted to the POJO using the parser defined on the RestClient based on the Content-Type of the response.
  • Any {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response @Response}-annotated type. (described later)
  • HttpResponse - Returns the raw HttpResponse returned by the inner HttpClient.
  • {@link java.io.Reader} - Returns access to the raw reader of the response.
  • {@link java.io.InputStream} - Returns access to the raw input stream of the response.

If you're only interested in the HTTP status code of the response, you can use the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteMethod#returns() returns} annotation with a value of {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteReturn#STATUS STATUS}:

Example:

@RemoteResource public interface PetStore { // POST /pets // Returns HTTP status code. @RemoteMethod(returns=STATUS) int postPets(...); }

If your RestClient does not have a parser associated with it, then the value is converted directly from a String using the rules defined in {@doc PojosConveribleToStrings}.

10.1.3 - @Body

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body @Body} annotation can be applied to arguments of @RemoteMethod-annotated methods to denote that they are the HTTP body of the request.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#required() required} - Input validation. Body must be present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body#schema() schema} - Swagger schema.
Examples:

// Used on parameter @RemoteResource(path="/petstore") public interface PetStore { @RemoteMethod(path="/pets") String addPet(@Body Pet pet); }

// Used on class @RemoteResource(path="/petstore") public interface PetStore { @RemoteMethod(path="/pets") String addPet(Pet pet); } @Body public class Pet {...}

The argument can be any of the following types:

  • Any serializable POJO - Converted to output using the {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer} registered with the RestClient.
    Content-Type is set to that of the Serializer.
  • {@link java.io.Reader} - Raw contents of {@code Reader} will be serialized to remote resource.
    Content-Type is set to "text/plain".
  • {@link java.io.InputStream} - Raw contents of {@code InputStream} will be serialized to remote resource.
    Content-Type is set to "application/octet-stream".
  • NameValuePairs - Converted to a URL-encoded FORM post.
    Content-Type is set to "aplication/x-www-form-urlencoded".
  • HttpEntity - Bypass Juneau serialization and pass HttpEntity directly to HttpClient.

OpenAPI schema based serialization can be used by using the {@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} class.

@RemoteMethod(path="/comma-delimited-pipe-delimited-ints") String addCommaDelimitedPipeDelimitedInts( @Body( serializer=OpenApiSerializer.class, schema=@Schema( type="array", collectionFormat="pipes", items=@Items( type="array" items=@SubItems( type="int32", // Auto-validates on client side! minimum="0", maximum="64" ) ) ) ) int[][] input );

See {@doc juneau-marshall.OpenApiDetails.Serializers} for information about supported data types in OpenAPI serialization.

If your RestClient class does not have a serializer associated with it, the body will automatically be serialized to a string using the rules defined in {@doc PojosConveribleToStrings}.

10.1.4 - @FormData

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData @FormData} annotation can be applied to arguments of @RemoteMethod-annotated methods to denote that they are form-data parameters on the request.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#_default() _default} - Default value if not present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#_enum() _enum} - Input validation. Must match one of the values.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#allowEmptyValue() allowEmptyValue} - Input validation. Allow empty value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#collectionFormat() collectionFormat} - How collections of items are formatted.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#exclusiveMaximum() exclusiveMaximum} - Input validation. Whether maximum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#exclusiveMinimum() exclusiveMinimum} - Input validation. Whether minimum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#format() format} - The schema type format.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#items() items} - The schema of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#maximum() maximum} - Input validation. Maximum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#maxItems() maxItems} - Input validation. Maximum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#maxLength() maxLength} - Input validation. Maximum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#minimum() minimum} - Input validation. Minimum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#minItems() minItems} - Input validation. Minimum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#minLength() minLength} - Input validation. Minimum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#multipleOf() multipleOf} - Input validation. Number must be a multiple of.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#name() name} - Form data entry name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#pattern() pattern}- Input validation. Must match regular expression.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#required() required}- Input validation. Form data entry must be present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#serializer() serializer}- Override the part serializer.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#skipIfEmpty() skipIfEmpty}- Don't add if value is null or empty.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#type() type} - The schema type.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#uniqueItems() uniqueItems} - Input validation. Collections must contain unique items only.
Example:

@RemoteResource(path="/myproxy") public interface MyProxy { // Explicit names specified for form data parameters. @RemoteMethod String postParameters( @FormData("foo") String foo, @FormData("bar") MyPojo pojo ); // Multiple values pulled from a NameValuePairs object. // Name "*" is inferred. @RemoteMethod String postNameValuePairs(@FormData NameValuePairs nameValuePairs); // Multiple values pulled from a Map. @RemoteMethod String postMap(@FormData Map<String,Object> map); // Multiple values pulled from a bean. @RemoteMethod String postBean(@FormData MyBean bean); // An entire form-data HTTP body as a String. @RemoteMethod String postString(@FormData String string); // An entire form-data HTTP body as a Reader. @RemoteMethod String postReader(@FormData Reader reader); }

Single-part arguments (i.e. those with name != "*") can be any of the following types:

  • Any serializable POJO - Converted to a string using the {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} registered with the RestClient ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default) or associated via the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData#serializer() @FormData(serializer)} annotation.

Multi-part arguments (i.e. those with name == "*" or empty) can be any of the following types:

  • {@link java.io.Reader} - Raw contents of {@code Reader} will be serialized to remote resource.
  • {@link java.io.InputStream} - Raw contents of {@code InputStream} will be serialized to remote resource.
  • NameValuePairs - Converted to a URL-encoded FORM post.
  • Map - Converted to key-value pairs.
    Values serialized using the registered {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default).
  • Bean - Converted to key-value pairs.
    Values serialized using the registered {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default).
  • CharSequence - Used directly as am "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" entity.

See the link below for information about supported data types in OpenAPI serialization.

See Also:

10.1.5 - @Query

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query @Query} annotation can be applied to arguments of @RemoteMethod-annotated methods to denote that they are query parameters on the request.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#_default() _default} - Default value if not present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#_enum() _enum} - Input validation. Must match one of the values.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#allowEmptyValue() allowEmptyValue} - Input validation. Allow empty value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#collectionFormat() collectionFormat} - How collections of items are formatted.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#exclusiveMaximum() exclusiveMaximum} - Input validation. Whether maximum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#exclusiveMinimum() exclusiveMinimum} - Input validation. Whether minimum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#format() format} - The schema type format.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#items() items} - The schema of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#maximum() maximum} - Input validation. Maximum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#maxItems() maxItems} - Input validation. Maximum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#maxLength() maxLength} - Input validation. Maximum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#minimum() minimum} - Input validation. Minimum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#minItems() minItems} - Input validation. Minimum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#minLength() minLength} - Input validation. Minimum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#multipleOf() multipleOf} - Input validation. Number must be a multiple of.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#name() name} - Query parameter name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#pattern() pattern} - Input validation. Must match regular expression.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#required() required} - Input validation. Query parameter must be present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#serializer() serializer} - Override the part serializer.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#skipIfEmpty() skipIfEmpty}- Don't add if value is null or empty.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#type() type} - The schema type.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#uniqueItems() uniqueItems} - Input validation. Collections must contain unique items only.
Example:

@RemoteResource(path="/myproxy") public interface MyProxy { // Explicit names specified for query parameters. @RemoteMethod String parameters( @Query("foo") String foo, @Query("bar") MyPojo pojo); // Multiple values pulled from a NameValuePairs object. // Same as @Query("*"). @RemoteMethod String nameValuePairs(@Query NameValuePairs nameValuePairs); // Multiple values pulled from a Map. // Same as @Query("*"). @RemoteMethod String map(@Query Map<String,Object> map); // Multiple values pulled from a bean. // Same as @Query("*"). @RemoteMethod String bean(@Query MyBean myBean); // An entire query string as a String. // Same as @Query("*"). @RemoteMethod String string(@Query String string); // An entire query string as a Reader. // Same as @Query("*"). @RemoteMethod String reader(@Query Reader reader); }

Single-part arguments (i.e. those with name != "*") can be any of the following types:

  • Any serializable POJO - Converted to a string using the {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} registered with the RestClient ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default) or associated via the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query#serializer() @Query(serializer)} annotation.

Multi-part arguments (i.e. those with name == "*" or empty) can be any of the following types:

  • {@link java.io.Reader} - Raw contents of {@code Reader} will be serialized directly a query string.
  • NameValuePairs - Serialized as individual query parameters.
  • Map - Converted to key-value pairs.
    Values serialized using the registered {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default).
  • Bean - Converted to key-value pairs.
    Values serialized using the registered {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default).
  • CharSequence - Serialized directly a query string.

See the link below for information about supported data types in OpenAPI serialization.

See Also:

10.1.6 - @Header

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header @Header} annotation can be applied to arguments of @RemoteMethod-annotated methods to denote that they are header parameters on the request.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#_default() _default} - Default value if not present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#_enum() _enum} - Input validation. Must match one of the values.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#allowEmptyValue() allowEmptyValue} - Input validation. Allow empty value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#collectionFormat() collectionFormat} - How collections of items are formatted.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#exclusiveMaximum() exclusiveMaximum} - Input validation. Whether maximum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#exclusiveMinimum() exclusiveMinimum} - Input validation. Whether minimum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#format() format} - The schema type format.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#items() items} - The schema of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#maximum() maximum} - Input validation. Maximum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#maxItems() maxItems} - Input validation. Maximum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#maxLength() maxLength} - Input validation. Maximum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#minimum() minimum} - Input validation. Minimum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#minItems() minItems} - Input validation. Minimum number of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#minLength() minLength} - Input validation. Minimum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#multipleOf() multipleOf} - Input validation. Number must be a multiple of.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#name() name} - Header name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#pattern() pattern} - Input validation. Must match regular expression.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#required() required} - Input validation. Header must be present.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#serializer() serializer} - Override the part serializer.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#skipIfEmpty() skipIfEmpty} - Don't add if value is null or empty.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#type() type} - The schema type.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#uniqueItems() uniqueItems} - Input validation. Collections must contain unique items only.
Example:

@RemoteResource(path="/myproxy") public interface MyProxy { // Explicit names specified for HTTP headers. // pojo will be converted to UON notation (unless plain-text parts enabled). @RemoteMethod(path="/mymethod1") String myProxyMethod1(@Header("Foo") String foo, @Header("Bar") MyPojo pojo); // Multiple values pulled from a NameValuePairs object. // Same as @Header("*"). @RemoteMethod(path="/mymethod2") String myProxyMethod2(@Header NameValuePairs nameValuePairs); // Multiple values pulled from a Map. // Same as @Header("*"). @RemoteMethod(path="/mymethod3") String myProxyMethod3(@Header Map<String,Object> map); // Multiple values pulled from a bean. // Same as @Header("*"). @RemoteMethod(path="/mymethod4") String myProxyMethod4(@Header MyBean myBean); }

Single-part arguments (i.e. those with name != "*") can be any of the following types:

  • Any serializable POJO - Converted to a string using the {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} registered with the RestClient ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default) or associated via the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header#serializer() @Header(serializer)} annotation.

Multi-part arguments (i.e. those with name == "*" or empty) can be any of the following types:

  • NameValuePairs - Serialized as individual headers.
  • Map - Converted to key-value pairs.
    Values serialized using the registered {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default).
  • Bean - Converted to key-value pairs.
    Values serialized using the registered {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default).

See the link below for information about supported data types in OpenAPI serialization.

See Also:

10.1.7 - @Path

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path @Path} annotation can be applied to arguments of @RemoteMethod-annotated methods to denote that they are path parameters on the request.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#_enum() _enum} - Input validation. Must match one of the values.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#allowEmptyValue() allowEmptyValue} - Input validation. Allow empty value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#collectionFormat() collectionFormat} - How collections of items are formatted.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#exclusiveMaximum() exclusiveMaximum} - Input validation. Whether maximum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#exclusiveMinimum() exclusiveMinimum} - Input validation. Whether minimum is exclusive.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#format() format} - The schema type format.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#items() items} - The schema of items in a collection.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#maximum() maximum} - Input validation. Maximum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#maxLength() maxLength} - Input validation. Maximum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#minimum() minimum} - Input validation. Minimum numeric value.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#minLength() minLength} - Input validation. Minimum length of a string.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#multipleOf() multipleOf} - Input validation. Number must be a multiple of.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#name() name} - Path variable name.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#pattern() pattern} - Input validation. Must match regular expression.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#serializer() serializer} - Override the part serializer.
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#type() type} - The schema type.
Example:

@RemoteResource(path="/myproxy") public interface MyProxy { // Explicit names specified for path parameters. // pojo will be converted to UON notation (unless plain-text parts enabled). @RemoteMethod(path="/mymethod1/{foo}/{bar}") String myProxyMethod1(@Path("foo") String foo, @Path("bar") MyPojo pojo); // Multiple values pulled from a NameValuePairs object. // Same as @Path("*"). @RemoteMethod(path="/mymethod2/{foo}/{bar}/{baz}") String myProxyMethod2(@Path NameValuePairs nameValuePairs); // Multiple values pulled from a Map. // Same as @Path("*"). @RemoteMethod(path="/mymethod3/{foo}/{bar}/{baz}") String myProxyMethod3(@Path Map<String,Object> map); // Multiple values pulled from a bean. // Same as @Path("*"). @RemoteMethod(path="/mymethod4/{foo}/{bar}/{baz}") String myProxyMethod4(@Path MyBean myBean); }

Single-part arguments (i.e. those with name != "*") can be any of the following types:

  • Any serializable POJO - Converted to a string using the {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} registered with the RestClient ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default) or associated via the {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path#serializer() @Path(serializer)} annotation.

Multi-part arguments (i.e. those with name == "*" or empty) can be any of the following types:

  • NameValuePairs - Serialized as individual query parameters.
  • Map - Converted to key-value pairs.
    Values serialized using the registered {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default).
  • Bean - Converted to key-value pairs.
    Values serialized using the registered {@link org.apache.juneau.httppart.HttpPartSerializer} ({@link org.apache.juneau.oapi.OpenApiSerializer} by default).

See the link below for information about supported data types in OpenAPI serialization.

See Also:

10.1.8 - @Request

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Request @Request} annotation can be applied to a type of a @RemoteMethod-annotated method to identify it as a bean for setting HTTP parts through a bean-like interface.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Request}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Request#partSerializer() partSerializer} - Override the part serializer.
Example:

@RemoteResource(path="/petstore") public interface PetStore { @RemoteMethod String postPet(CreatePetRequest bean); }

@Request public class CreatePetRequest { private CreatePet pet; public CreatePetRequest(String name, float price) { this.pet = new CreatePet(name, price); } @Body public CreatePet getBody() { return this.pet; } @Query public Map<String,Object> getQueryParams() { return new ObjectMap().append("debug", true); } @Header("E-Tag") public static UUID getUUID() { return UUID.generatedUUID(); } }

PetStore store = restClient.getRemoteResource(PetStore.class, "http://localhost:10000"); CreatePetRequest requestBean = new CreatePetRequest("Fluffy", 9.99); String response = store.postPet(requestBean);

The @Request annotation can be applied to either the class or argument.

The annotated methods must be no-arg and public. They can be named anything.

Any of the following annotations can be used on the methods:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Body}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Header}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.FormData}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Query}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Path}

The behavior and functionality of all of the annotations are the same as if they were used on method arguments directly. This means full support for OpenAPI serialization and validation.

Annotations on methods are inherited from parent classes and interfaces. For example, the request bean above could have defined annotations in an interface to keep them clear from the implementation:

@Request public interface CreatePetRequest { @Body CreatePet getBody(); @Query Map<String,Object> getQueryParams(); @Header("E-Tag") UUID getUUID(); }

public class CreatePetRequestImpl implements CreatePetRequest { public CreatePetRequestImpl(String name, float price) {...} @Override public CreatePet getBody() { return this.pet; } @Override public Map<String,Object> getQueryParams() { return new ObjectMap().append("debug", true); } @Override public UUID getUUID() { return UUID.generateUUID(); } }

10.1.9 - @Response

The {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response @Response} annotation can be applied to types returned by @RemoteMethod-annotated methods.

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response}
    • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.Response#partParser() partParser} - Override the part parser.

The @Response annotation can be used to define interfaces for retrieving response parts using a bean-like proxy.

Example:

@RemoteResource public interface PetStore { @RemoteMethod CreatePetResponse postPet(...); }

@Response public interface CreatePetResponse { @ResponseBody Pet getBody(); @ResponseHeader("E-Tag") UUID getUUID(); @ResponseStatus int getStatus(); }

PetStore store = restClient.getRemoteResource(PetStore.class, "http://localhost:10000"); CreatePetResponse response = store.postPet(...); Pet pet = response.getBody(); UUID uuid = response.getUUID(); int status = response.getStatus();

The annotated methods must be no-arg. They can be named anything.

Any of the following annotations can be used on the methods:

  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseBody}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseHeader}
  • {@link org.apache.juneau.http.annotation.ResponseStatus}

The behavior and functionality of all of the annotations are the same as if they were used on method arguments directly. This means full support for OpenAPI serialization and validation.

10.1.10 - Dual-purpose (end-to-end) interfaces

A common coding practice is to use the same Java interface to define both your server and client side REST interfaces. The advantage to this approach is that changes that you make to your REST interface can be reflected in both places at the same time, reducing the chances for compatibility mistakes.

What makes this possible is that method-level annotations such as @RestMethod and parameter-level annotations such as @Query are inherited from parent classes. This normally isn't possible, but the framework will spider up the parent hierarchy of classes to find method and parameter level annotations defined on overridden methods.

The general approach is to define your {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.remote.RemoteResource @RemoteResource}-annotated interface first. The following example is pulled from the PetStore app:

@RemoteResource(path="/petstore") public interface PetStore { @RemoteMethod(method=GET, path="/pet") public Collection<Pet> getPets() throws NotAcceptable; @RemoteMethod(method=DELETE, path="/pet/{petId}") public Ok deletePet( @Header( name="api_key", description="Security API key", required=true, example="foobar" ) String apiKey, @Path( name="petId", description="Pet id to delete", example="123" ) long petId ) throws IdNotFound, NotAcceptable; ...

Next you define the implementation of your interface as a normal Juneau REST resource:

@RestResource( path="/petstore", title="Petstore application", ... ) public class PetStoreResource extends BasicRestServletJena implements PetStore { ... @Override /* PetStore */ @RestMethod( name=GET, path="/pet", summary="All pets in the store", ... ) public Collection<Pet> getPets() throws NotAcceptable { return store.getPets(); } @Override /* PetStore */ @RestMethod( name=DELETE, path="/pet/{petId}", summary="Deletes a pet", ... ) public Ok deletePet(String apiKey, long petId) throws IdNotFound, NotAcceptable { store.removePet(petId); return OK; }

Then use the interface as a remote resource like so:

try (RestClient rc = RestClient.create().json().rootUrl("http://localhost:10000").build()) { PetStore ps = rc.getRemoteResource(PetStore.class); for (Pet x : ps.getPets()) { ps.deletePet("my-special-key", x.getId()); System.err.println("Deleted pet: id=" + x.getId()); } }

In the example above, we chose to add the @RestMethod annotation to the implementation class. However, they could have been added to the interface instead.

Note how we didn't need to use the @Header and @Path annotations in our implementation since the annotations were inherited from the interface.

10.2 - SSL Support

The simplest way to enable SSL support in the client is to use the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#enableLaxSSL()} method.

Example:

// Create a client that ignores self-signed or otherwise invalid certificates. RestClient rc = RestClient.create().enableLaxSSL().build();

A more typical scenario using default cert and hostname verification is shown here:

RestClient rc = RestClient.create().enableSSL().sslProtocols("TLSv1.2").build();

The following convenience methods are provided in the builder class for specifying SSL parameters:

SSL support can also be enabled by passing in your own connection manager using {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#httpClientConnectionManager(HttpClientConnectionManager)}.

10.3 - Authentication

The Juneau REST client itself does not implement any support for authentication. Instead, it delegates it to the underlying Apache HTTP Client interface.

The following sections show how some common authentication mechanisms can be set up using HTTP Client APIs.

10.3.1 - BASIC Authentication

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#basicAuth(String,int,String,String)} method can be used to quickly enable BASIC authentication support.

Example:

// Create a client that performs BASIC authentication using the specified user/pw. RestClient restClient = RestClient.create() .basicAuth(HOST, PORT, USER, PW) .build();

This is functionally equivalent to the following:

RestClientBuilder builder = RestClient.create(); AuthScope scope = new AuthScope(HOST, PORT); Credentials up = new UsernamePasswordCredentials(USER, PW); CredentialsProvider p = new BasicCredentialsProvider(); p.setCredentials(scope, up); builder.setDefaultCredentialsProvider(p);

10.3.2 - FORM-based Authentication

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder} class does not itself provide FORM-based authentication since there is no standard way of providing such support. Typically, to perform FORM-based or other types of authentication, you'll want to create your own subclass of {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder} and override the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#createHttpClient()} method to provide an authenticated client.

The following example shows how the JazzRestClient class provides FORM-based authentication support.

/** * Constructor. */ public JazzRestClientBuilder(URI jazzUri, String user, String pw) throws IOException { ... } /** * Override the createHttpClient() method to return an authenticated client. */ @Override /* RestClientBuilder */ protected CloseableHttpClient createHttpClient() throws Exception { CloseableHttpClient client = super.createHttpClient(); formBasedAuthenticate(client); visitAuthenticatedURL(client); return client; } /* * Performs form-based authentication against the Jazz server. */ private void formBasedAuthenticate(HttpClient client) throws IOException { URI uri2 = jazzUri.resolve("j_security_check"); HttpPost request = new HttpPost(uri2); request.setConfig(RequestConfig.custom().setRedirectsEnabled(false).build()); // Charset must explicitly be set to UTF-8 to handle user/pw with non-ascii characters. request.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8"); NameValuePairs params = new NameValuePairs() .append(new BasicNameValuePair("j_username"", user)) .append(new BasicNameValuePair("j_password", pw)); request.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params)); HttpResponse response = client.execute(request); try { int rc = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); Header authMsg = response.getFirstHeader("X-com-ibm-team-repository-web-auth-msg"); if (authMsg != null) throw new IOException(authMsg.getValue()); // The form auth request should always respond with a 200 ok or 302 redirect code if (rc == SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY) { if (response.getFirstHeader("Location").getValue().matches("^.*/auth/authfailed.*$")) throw new IOException("Invalid credentials."); } else if (rc != SC_OK) { throw new IOException("Unexpected HTTP status: " + rc); } } finally { EntityUtils.consume(response.getEntity()); } } /* * This is needed for Tomcat because it responds with SC_BAD_REQUEST when the j_security_check URL is visited before an * authenticated URL has been visited. This same URL must also be visited after authenticating with j_security_check * otherwise tomcat will not consider the session authenticated */ private int visitAuthenticatedURL(HttpClient httpClient) throws IOException { HttpGet authenticatedURL = new HttpGet(jazzUri.resolve("authenticated/identity")); HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(authenticatedURL); try { return response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); } finally { EntityUtils.consume(response.getEntity()); } }

10.3.3 - OIDC Authentication

The following example shows how the JazzRestClient class provides OIDC authentication support.

/** * Constructor. */ public JazzRestClientBuilder(URI jazzUri, String user, String pw) throws IOException { ... } /** * Override the createHttpClient() method to return an authenticated client. */ @Override /* RestClientBuilder */ protected CloseableHttpClient createHttpClient() throws Exception { CloseableHttpClient client = super.createHttpClient(); oidcAuthenticate(client); return client; } private void oidcAuthenticate(HttpClient client) throws IOException { HttpGet request = new HttpGet(jazzUri); request.setConfig(RequestConfig.custom().setRedirectsEnabled(false).build()); // Charset must explicitly be set to UTF-8 to handle user/pw with non-ascii characters. request.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8"); HttpResponse response = client.execute(request); try { int code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); // Already authenticated if (code == SC_OK) return; if (code != SC_UNAUTHORIZED) throw new RestCallException("Unexpected response during OIDC authentication: " + response.getStatusLine()); // x-jsa-authorization-redirect String redirectUri = getHeader(response, "X-JSA-AUTHORIZATION-REDIRECT"); if (redirectUri == null) throw new RestCallException("Expected a redirect URI during OIDC authentication: " + response.getStatusLine()); // Handle Bearer Challenge HttpGet method = new HttpGet(redirectUri + "&prompt=none"); addDefaultOidcHeaders(method); response = client.execute(method); code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); if (code != SC_OK) throw new RestCallException("Unexpected response during OIDC authentication phase 2: " + response.getStatusLine()); String loginRequired = getHeader(response, "X-JSA-LOGIN-REQUIRED"); if (! "true".equals(loginRequired)) throw new RestCallException("X-JSA-LOGIN-REQUIRED header not found on response during OIDC authentication phase 2: " + response.getStatusLine()); method = new HttpGet(redirectUri + "&prompt=none"); addDefaultOidcHeaders(method); response = client.execute(method); code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); if (code != SC_OK) throw new RestCallException("Unexpected response during OIDC authentication phase 3: " + response.getStatusLine()); // Handle JAS Challenge method = new HttpGet(redirectUri); addDefaultOidcHeaders(method); response = client.execute(method); code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); if (code != SC_OK) throw new RestCallException("Unexpected response during OIDC authentication phase 4: " + response.getStatusLine()); cookie = getHeader(response, "Set-Cookie"); Header[] defaultHeaders = new Header[] { new BasicHeader("User-Agent", "Jazz Native Client"), new BasicHeader("X-com-ibm-team-configuration-versions", "com.ibm.team.rtc=6.0.0,com.ibm.team.jazz.foundation=6.0"), new BasicHeader("Accept", "text/json"), new BasicHeader("Authorization", "Basic " + StringUtils.base64EncodeToString(user + ":" + pw)), new BasicHeader("Cookie", cookie) }; setDefaultHeaders(Arrays.asList(defaultHeaders)); } finally { EntityUtils.consume(response.getEntity()); } } private void addDefaultOidcHeaders(HttpRequestBase method) { method.addHeader("User-Agent", "Jazz Native Client"); method.addHeader("X-com-ibm-team-configuration-versions", "com.ibm.team.rtc=6.0.0,com.ibm.team.jazz.foundation=6.0"); method.addHeader("Accept", "text/json"); if (cookie != null) { method.addHeader("Authorization", "Basic " + StringUtils.base64EncodeToString(user + ":" + pw)); method.addHeader("Cookie", cookie); } }

10.4 - Using Response Patterns

One issue with REST (and HTTP in general) is that the HTTP response code must be set as a header before the body of the request is sent. This can be problematic when REST calls invoke long-running processes, pipes the results through the connection, and then fails after an HTTP 200 has already been sent.

One common solution is to serialize some text at the end to indicate whether the long-running process succeeded (e.g. "FAILED" or "SUCCEEDED").

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClient} class has convenience methods for scanning the response without interfering with the other methods used for retrieving output.

The following example shows how the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#successPattern(String)} method can be used to look for a SUCCESS message in the output:

Example:

// Throw a RestCallException if SUCCESS is not found in the output. restClient.doPost(URL) .successPattern("SUCCESS") .run();

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#failurePattern(String)} method does the opposite. It throws an exception if a failure message is detected.

Example:

// Throw a RestCallException if FAILURE or ERROR is found in the output. restClient.doPost(URL) .failurePattern("FAILURE|ERROR") .run();

These convenience methods are specialized methods that use the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#responsePattern(ResponsePattern)} method which uses regular expression matching against the response body. This method can be used to search for arbitrary patterns in the response body.

The following example shows how to use a response pattern finder to find and capture patterns for "x=number" and "y=string" from a response body.

Example:

final List<Number> xList = new ArrayList<Number>(); final List<String> yList = new ArrayList<String>(); String responseText = restClient.doGet(URL) .responsePattern( new ResponsePattern("x=(\\d+)") { @Override public void onMatch(RestCall restCall, Matcher m) throws RestCallException { xList.add(Integer.parseInt(m.group(1))); } @Override public void onNoMatch(RestCall restCall) throws RestCallException { throw new RestCallException("No X's found!"); } } ) .responsePattern( new ResponsePattern("y=(\\S+)") { @Override public void onMatch(RestCall restCall, Matcher m) throws RestCallException { yList.add(m.group(1)); } @Override public void onNoMatch(RestCall restCall) throws RestCallException { throw new RestCallException("No Y's found!"); } } ) .getResponseAsString();

Using response patterns does not affect the functionality of any of the other methods used to retrieve the response such as {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#getResponseAsString()} or {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#getResponse(Class)}. HOWEVER, if you want to retrieve the entire text of the response from inside the match methods, use {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#getCapturedResponse()} since this method will not absorb the response for those other methods.

10.5 - Piping Response Output

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall} class provides various convenience pipeTo() methods to pipe output to output streams and writers.

If you want to pipe output without any intermediate buffering, you can use the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#byLines()} method. This will cause the output to be piped and flushed after every line. This can be useful if you want to display the results in real-time from a long running process producing output on a REST call.

Example:

// Pipe output from REST call to System.out in real-time. restClient.doPost(URL).byLines().pipeTo(new PrintWriter(System.out)).run();

10.6 - Debugging

Use the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#debug()} method to enable logging for HTTP requests made from the client.

Under-the-covers, this is simply a shortcut for adding the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCallLogger#DEFAULT} interceptor to the client. This causes the following output to be generated by the Java org.apache.juneau.rest.client logger at WARNING level:

=== HTTP Call (outgoing) ======================================================= === REQUEST === POST http://localhost:10000/testUrl HTTP/1.1 ---request headers--- Debug: true No-Trace: true Accept: application/json ---request entity--- Content-Type: application/json ---request content--- {"foo":"bar","baz":123} === RESPONSE === HTTP/1.1 200 OK ---response headers--- Content-Type: application/json;charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 21 Server: Jetty(8.1.0.v20120127) ---response content--- {"message":"OK then"} === END ========================================================================

This setting also causes a Debug: true header value to trigger logging of the request on the server side as well.

=== HTTP Request (incoming) ==================================================== HTTP POST /testUrl ---Headers--- Host: localhost:10000 Transfer-Encoding: chunked Accept: application/json Content-Type: application/json User-Agent: Apache-HttpClient/4.5 (Java/1.6.0_65) Connection: keep-alive Debug: true Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate ---Default Servlet Headers--- ---Body--- {"foo":"bar","baz":123} === END ========================================================================

10.7 - Logging

Use the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#logTo(Level,Logger)} and {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#logTo(Level,Logger)} methods to log HTTP calls. These methods will cause the HTTP request and response headers and body to be logged to the specified logger.

Example:

// Log the HTTP request/response to the specified logger. int rc = restClient.doGet(URL).logTo(INFO, getLogger()).run();

The method call is ignored if the logger level is below the specified level.

Customized logging can be handled by sub-classing the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCallLogger} class and using the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#interceptor(RestCallInterceptor)} method.

10.8 - Interceptors

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#interceptors(RestCallInterceptor...)} and {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#interceptor(RestCallInterceptor)} methods can be used to intercept responses during specific connection lifecycle events.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCallLogger} class is an example of an interceptor that uses the various lifecycle methods to log HTTP requests.

/** * Specialized interceptor for logging calls to a log file. */ public class RestCallLogger extends RestCallInterceptor { private Level level; private Logger log; /** * Constructor. * * @param level The log level to log messages at. * @param log The logger to log to. */ protected RestCallLogger(Level level, Logger log) { this.level = level; this.log = log; } @Override /* RestCallInterceptor */ public void onInit(RestCall restCall) { if (log.isLoggable(level)) restCall.captureResponse(); } @Override /* RestCallInterceptor */ public void onConnect(RestCall restCall, int statusCode, HttpRequest req, HttpResponse res) { // Do nothing. } @Override /* RestCallInterceptor */ public void onRetry(RestCall restCall, int statusCode, HttpRequest req, HttpResponse res) { if (log.isLoggable(level)) log.log(level, MessageFormat.format("Call to {0} returned {1}. Will retry.", req.getRequestLine().getUri(), statusCode)); } @Override /* RestCallInterceptor */ public void onClose(RestCall restCall) throws RestCallException { try { if (log.isLoggable(level)) { String output = restCall.getCapturedResponse(); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); HttpUriRequest req = restCall.getRequest(); HttpResponse res = restCall.getResponse(); if (req != null) { sb.append("\n=== HTTP Call (outgoing) ========================================================="); sb.append("\n=== REQUEST ===\n").append(req); sb.append("\n---request headers---"); for (Header h : req.getAllHeaders()) sb.append("\n").append(h); if (req instanceof HttpEntityEnclosingRequestBase) { sb.append("\n---request entity---"); HttpEntityEnclosingRequestBase req2 = (HttpEntityEnclosingRequestBase)req; HttpEntity e = req2.getEntity(); if (e == null) sb.append("\nEntity is null"); else { if (e.getContentType() != null) sb.append("\n").append(e.getContentType()); if (e.getContentEncoding() != null) sb.append("\n").append(e.getContentEncoding()); if (e.isRepeatable()) { try { sb.append("\n---request content---\n").append(EntityUtils.toString(e)); } catch (Exception ex) { throw new RuntimeException(ex); } } } } } if (res != null) { sb.append("\n=== RESPONSE ===\n").append(res.getStatusLine()); sb.append("\n---response headers---"); for (Header h : res.getAllHeaders()) sb.append("\n").append(h); sb.append("\n---response content---\n").append(output); sb.append("\n=== END ========================================================================"); } log.log(level, sb.toString()); } } catch (IOException e) { log.log(Level.SEVERE, e.getLocalizedMessage(), e); } } }

10.9 - Serverless Unit Testing

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.mock.MockRest} class is used for performing serverless unit testing of REST interfaces.

Example:

public class MockTest { // Our REST resource to test. @RestResource(serializers=SimpleJsonSerializer.class, parsers=JsonParser.class) public static class MyRest { @RestMethod(name=PUT, path="/String") public String echo(@Body String body) { return body; } } @Test public void testEcho() throws Exception { MockRest .create(MyRest.class) .put("/String", "'foo'") .execute() .assertStatus(200) .assertBody("'foo'"); } }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#mockHttpConnection(MockHttpConnection)} method is used to associate a MockRest with a RestClient to allow for serverless testing of clients.

Example:

@Test public void testClient() throws Exception { MockRest mr = MockRest.create(MyRest.class); RestClient rc = RestClient.create().mockHttpConnection(mr).build(); assertEquals("'foo'", rc.doPut("/String", "'foo'").getResponseAsString()); }

Mocked connections can also be used for serverless testing of remote resources and interfaces.

Example:

// Our remote resource to test. @RemoteResource public interface MyRemoteInterface { @RemoteMethod(httpMethod="GET", path="/echoQuery") public int echoQuery(@Query(name="id") int id); } // Our mocked-up REST interface to test against. @RestResource public class MyRest { @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/echoQuery") public int echoQuery(@Query("id") String id) { return id; } } @Test public void testProxy() { MockRest mr = MockRest.create(MyRest.class); MyRemoteInterface r = RestClient .create() .mockHttpConnection(mr) .build() .getRemoteResource(MyRemoteInterface.class); assertEquals(123, r.echoQuery(123)); }

10.10 - Other Useful Methods

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#rootUrl(Object)} method can be used to specify a root URL on all requests so that you don't have to use absolute paths on individual calls.

// Create a rest client with a root URL RestClient rc = RestClient.create().rootUrl("http://localhost:9080/foobar").build(); String r = rc.doGet("/baz").getResponseAsString(); // Gets "http://localhost:9080/foobar/baz"

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestClientBuilder#set(String,Object)} method can be used to set serializer and parser properties. For example, if you're parsing a response into POJOs and you want to ignore fields that aren't on the POJOs, you can use the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext#BEAN_ignoreUnknownBeanProperties} property.

// Create a rest client that ignores unknown fields in the response RestClient rc = RestClient.create() .set(BEAN_ignoreUnknownBeanProperties, true) // or .ignoreUnknownBeanProperties(true) .build(); MyPojo myPojo = rc.doGet(URL).getResponse(MyPojo.class);

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.client.RestCall#retryable(int,long,RetryOn)} method can be used to automatically retry requests on failures. This can be particularly useful if you're attempting to connect to a REST resource that may be in the process of still initializing.

// Create a rest call that retries every 10 seconds for up to 30 minutes as long as a connection fails // or a 400+ is received. restClient.doGet(URL) .retryable(180, 10000, RetryOn.DEFAULT) .run();

11 - juneau-microservice-core

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-microservice-core</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-microservice-core-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.microservice.core_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

Juneau Microservice is an API for creating stand-alone executable jars with automatic support for Juneau configurations and console commands.

Features include:

11.1 - Microservice Overview

The Microservice API consists of a base class for defining executable microservices.

Features include:

The Microservice API consists of the following packages and classes:

By itself the Microservice API doesn't provided much functionality, but it does provide the basis for the {@doc juneau-microservice-jetty Jetty Microservice} described later.

The most-basic creation of a microservice from an entry-point method is shown below:

public class App { public static void main(String[] args) { Microservice .create() // Create builder. .args(args) // Pass in args. .build() // Create microservice. .start() // Start microservice. ; } }

11.2 - Lifecycle Methods

The lifecycle methods of the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice} class consists of the following:

A typical implementation of an app with lifecycle methods might look like the following:

public class App { private static final Microservice MICROSERVICE; public static void main(String[] args) { MICROSERVICE = Microservice .create() // Create builder. .args(args) // Pass in args. .build() // Create microservice. .start() // Start microservice. .startConsole() // Start console. .join() // Join thread. ; } public static void restart() { MICROSERVICE.stop().start(); } public static void exit() { MICROSERVICE.exit(); } }

If your application consists of a single microservice, you can use the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice#getInstance()} method from anywhere in your code:

public class App { public static void main(String[] args) { Microservice .create() // Create builder. .args(args) // Pass in args. .build() // Create microservice. .start() // Start microservice. .startConsole() // Start console. .join() // Join thread. ; } public static void restart() { Microservice.getInstance().stop().start(); } public static void exit() { Microservice.getInstance().exit(); } }

The {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice#startConsole()} and {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice#stopConsole()} control the lifecycle of the console commands. Typically you'll want to control these separately from the app so that you can easily restart your application from the console without affecting the console itself.

The lifecycle methods on the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice} class are purposely left non-final so that subclasses can override them to provide customized behavior.

11.3 - Args

Command-line arguments can be associated with a microservice using the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.MicroserviceBuilder#args(String...)} method.

Example:

public static void main(String[] args) { Microservice .create() // Create builder. .args(args) // Pass in args. .build() // Create microservice. .start() // Start microservice. .join() // Join thread. ; }

When specified, the arguments can be retrieved using the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice#getArgs()} method which provides an API for easily accessing command-line arguments using common notation:

Args a = Microservice.getInstance().getArgs(); // One main argument // a1 String a1 = a.getArg(0); // "a1" String a2 = a.getArg(1); // null // Two main arguments // a1 a2 String a1 = a.getArg(0); // "a1" String a2 = a.getArg(1); // "a2" // One main argument and one optional argument with no value // a1 -a2 String a1 = a.getArg(0); boolean hasA2 = a.hasArg("a2"); // true boolean hasA3 = a.hasArg("a3"); // false // One main argument and one optional argument with one value // a1 -a2 v2 String a1 = a.getArg(0); String a2 = a.getArg("a2"); // "v2" String a3 = a.getArg("a3"); // null // One main argument and one optional argument with two values // a1 -a2 v2a v2b String a1 = a.getArg(0); List<String> a2 = a.getArgs("a2"); // Contains ["v2a","v2b"] List<String> a3 = a.getArgs("a3"); // Empty list // Same as previous, except specify optional argument name multiple times // a1 -a2 v2a -a2 v2b String a1 = a.getArg(0); List<String> a2 = a.getArgs("a2"); // Contains ["v2a","v2b"]

Specifying the command-line arguments also makes them available through {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.ArgsVar $A} SVL variables. These can be used in the configuration file and throughout various Juneau annotations.

Example:

// $A used in variable resolver. VarResolver vr = Microservice.getInstance().getVarResolver(); System.out.println(vr.resolve("Arg #1 is set to $A{1}"));

// $A used in annotation. @RestResource( title="$A{title}", ... )

11.4 - Manifest

The {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.MicroserviceBuilder#manifest(Object)} method can be used to specify the contents or location of of the main manifest file of the executable jar.

If you do not specify the location/contents of the manifest file, the microservice will attempt to resolve it through the following methods:

  1. Looking on the file system for a file at "META-INF/MANIFEST.MF". This is primarily to allow for running microservices from within eclipse workspaces where the manifest file is located in the project root.
  2. Using the class loader for this class to find the file at the URL "META-INF/MANIFEST.MF".

If you do manually specify the manifest file, you can pass in any of the following types:

The manifest file can be retrieved using the the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice#getManifest()} method which provides an API for accessing manifest file entries. This method returns an instance of {@link org.apache.juneau.utils.ManifestFile} which extends from {@link org.apache.juneau.ObjectMap} allowing you to retrieve entries as any data types supported by that class.

Example:

ManifestFile mf = Microservice.getInstance().getManifest(); String mainClass = mf.getString("Main-Class"); int myInt = mf.getInt("My-Int", 123); boolean myBoolean = mf.getBoolean("My-Boolean");

The manifest is also used for the {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.vars.ManifestFileVar $MF} SVL variable.

Examples:

// $MF used in variable resolver. VarResolver vr = Microservice.getInstance().getVarResolver(); System.out.println(vr.resolve("The main class is $MF{Main-Class}"));

// $MF used in annotation. @RestResource( title="$MF{Application-Title}", ... )

11.5 - Config

The following methods can be used to define the configuration for your microservice using the powerful Config API:

If you do not specify any of this information, we attempt to resolve it through the following methods:

  1. Resolve file first in working directory, then in classpath, using the following names:
    1. The "configFile" argument in the command line arguments passed in through the constructor.
    2. The value of the Main-Config entry in the manifest file.
    3. A config file in the same location and with the same name as the executable jar file. (e.g. "java -jar myjar.jar" will look for "myjar.cfg").
  2. Resolve any "*.cfg" file that can be found in the working directory.
  3. Resolve any of the following files in the classpath: "juneau.cfg", "system.cfg"

If no configuration file is found, and empty in-memory configuration is used.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.MicroserviceBuilder#configName(String) configName(String)} method allows you to explicitly specify the name of the external configuration file location for your microservice.

Microservice .create() .config("my-files/MyMicroservice.cfg") .build() .start() ;

By default, we try to find the file on the file system and then the classpath. If located on the file system, then the configuration is writeable and the microservice can automatically listen for and react to changes in the configuration file on the file system. If located on the classpath, then the configuration can still react to modifications made to it through the Config API, but the changes cannot be persisted since the location prevents the file from being modified.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.MicroserviceBuilder#configStore(ConfigStore) configStore(ConfigStore)} method can be used to explicitly specify a configuration store. This can include your own custom configuration store, such as one that's implemented in a relational database.

Microservice .create() .configStore(new MyConfigSqlStore()) .configName("MyConfig") .build() .start() ;

The {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.MicroserviceBuilder#config(Config) config(Config)} method can be used to explicitly specify a {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config} file as the microservice configuration. When this method is used, the above two methods are bypassed entirely.

Config config = getMyOwnConfig(); Microservice .create() .config(config) .build() .start() ;

Once the configuration is resolved, it is made as the system default configuration available through the {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config#getSystemDefault()}. This in turn allows it to be used by REST resources that reference the system default configuration via the "SYSTEM_DEFAULT" such as those implementing the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestConfig} interface.

BasicRestConfig.java

@RestResource( config="$S{juneau.configFile,SYSTEM_DEFAULT}" ... )

The {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice#getConfig()} method can be used to get access to the configuration.

Config c = Microservice.getInstance().getConfig(); File logDir = c.getObject("Logging/logDir", File.class); boolean append = c.getBoolean("Logging/append"); String format = c.getString("Logging/format", "[{date} {level}] {msg}%n"); long limit = c.getLong("Logging/limit"); Map<String,Level> levels = c.getObject("Logging/levels", Map.class, String.class, Level.class);

Changes to the configuration file can trigger notifications that can be used to restart your microservice or make various other on-the-fly changes. This can be accomplished by either overriding the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice#onConfigChange(ConfigEvents)} or implementing a listener and using the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.MicroserviceListener#onConfigChange(Microservice,ConfigEvents)} methods. These will be described in detail later.

See Also:

11.6 - System properties

As a convenience, the SystemProperties section of your configuration file can be used to define system properties to set during initialization of your microservice:

#======================================================================================================================= # System properties #----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # These are arbitrary system properties that are set during startup. #======================================================================================================================= [SystemProperties] # Configure Jetty for StdErrLog Logging # org.eclipse.jetty.util.log.class = org.eclipse.jetty.util.log.StrErrLog # Configure Jetty to log using java-util logging org.eclipse.jetty.util.log.class = org.apache.juneau.microservice.jetty.JettyLogger # Jetty logging level # Possible values: ALL, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, OFF org.eclipse.jetty.LEVEL = WARN derby.stream.error.file = $C{Logging/logDir}/derby-errors.log

11.7 - VarResolver

The Microservice API incorporates the {@doc juneau-svl Simple Variable Resolver} API.

The variable resolver can be augmented through the following methods:

A typical usage pattern is shown below:

// $A used in variable resolver. VarResolver vr = Microservice.getInstance().getVarResolver(); System.out.println(vr.resolve("Main class is set to $MF{Main-Class, unknown}"));

The variable resolver becomes much more powerful when used in REST resource annotations which will be described latter in {@doc juneau-microservice-jetty}

By default, support for the following variables are provided:

11.8 - Console Commands

The Microservice API provides support for simple console commands.

public static void main(String[] args) { Microservice .create() .args(args) .build() .start() .startConsole() // Start console. .join() ; }

When started, the console renders the following output:

Running class 'Microservice' using config file 'my-microservice.cfg'. List of available commands: exit -- Shut down service restart -- Restarts service help -- Commands help >

The builder methods for controlling the console are as follows:

By default, the supported commands are pulled from the configuration file:

#======================================================================================================================= # Console settings #======================================================================================================================= [Console] enabled = true # List of available console commands. # These are classes that implements ConsoleCommand that allow you to submit commands to the microservice via # the console. # When listed here, the implementations must provide a no-arg constructor. # They can also be provided dynamically by overriding the Microservice.createConsoleCommands() method. commands = org.apache.juneau.microservice.console.ExitCommand, org.apache.juneau.microservice.console.RestartCommand, org.apache.juneau.microservice.console.HelpCommand

New commands can be added by adding them to the configuration file, or programmatically using the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.MicroserviceBuilder#consoleCommands(ConsoleCommand...) consoleCommands(ConsoleCommand...)} builder method.

The API for defining console commands is shown below:

By default, the console input and output are taken from {@link java.lang.System.in} and {@link java.lang.System.out}. These can be overridden using the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.MicroserviceBuilder#console(Scanner,PrintWriter) console(Scanner,PrintWriter)} method.

11.9 - Logging

The Microservice API provides build-in but configurable and overridable support for logging.

The method for configuring logging is as follows:

If not specified, the logging configuration is pulled in from the configuration file:

#======================================================================================================================= # Logger settings #----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # See FileHandler Java class for details. #======================================================================================================================= [Logging] # The directory where to create the log file. # Default is "." logDir = logs # The name of the log file to create for the main logger. # The logDir and logFile make up the pattern that's passed to the FileHandler # constructor. # If value is not specified, then logging to a file will not be set up. logFile = microservice.%g.log # Whether to append to the existing log file or create a new one. append = false # The SimpleDateFormat format to use for dates. dateFormat = yyyy.MM.dd hh:mm:ss # The log message format. # The value can contain any of the following variables: # {date} - The date, formatted per dateFormat. # {class} - The class name. # {method} - The method name. # {logger} - The logger name. # {level} - The log level name. # {msg} - The log message. # {threadid} - The thread ID. # {exception} - The localized exception message. format = [{date} {level}] {msg}%n # The maximum log file size. # Suffixes available for numbers. # See Config.getInt(String,int) for details. limit = 1M # Max number of log files. count = 5 # Default log levels. # Format is lax-JSON. # Keys are logger names. # Values are serialized Level POJOs (SEVERE, WARNING, INFO, CONFIG, FINE, FINER, FINEST) levels = { '': 'WARNING', org.apache.juneau: 'WARNING', org.eclipse.jetty: 'WARNING' } # Only print unique stack traces once and then refer to them by a simple 8 character hash identifier. # Useful for preventing log files from filling up with duplicate stack traces. useStackTraceHashes = true # The default level for the console logger. # Values are serialized Level POJOs (SEVERE, WARNING, INFO, CONFIG, FINE, FINER, FINEST) consoleLevel = WARNING # The default level for the file logger. # Values are serialized Level POJOs (SEVERE, WARNING, INFO, CONFIG, FINE, FINER, FINEST) fileLevel = INFO

The logging configuration can also be defined programmatically through the following API:

Example:

public static void main(String[] args) { LogConfig logConfig = LogConfig .create() .append(true) .consoleLevel(FINE) .level("org.mylogger", FINER) .logDir("my-log-files"); Microservice .create() .args(args) .logConfig(logConfig) .build() .start() .join() ; }

If you wish to bypass the default logging configuration entirely, you can pass in your own logger via the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.MicroserviceBuilder#logger(Logger)} method.

In addition to configuring the built-in Java logging framework, the following convenience methods are also provided on the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice} class for logging.

11.10 - Listeners

As mentioned previously, the lifecycle methods for the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice} class are explicitly defined as non-final so that they can be overridden by subclasses.

In addition to this support, an interface for defining event listeners for your microservice:

This listener API can be used for listening for and reacting to configuration changes on the file system.

public class MyMicroserviceListener extends BasicMicroserviceListener { @Override /* MicroserviceListener */ public void onConfigChange(Microservice microservice, ConfigEvents events) { // Restart the microservice if anything was modified in one of our sections if (events.isSectionChanged("MySection")) microservice.stop().start(); } }

Note that the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice#onConfigChange(ConfigEvents)} method can also be overridden to react to configuration changes as well:

public class MyMicroservice extends Microservice { @Override /* MicroserviceListener */ public void onConfigChange(ConfigEvents events) { // Restart the microservice if anything was modified in one of our sections if (events.isSectionChanged("MySection")) this.stop().start(); } }

12 - juneau-microservice-jetty

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-microservice-jetty</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-microservice-jetty-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.microservice.jetty_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

Juneau Microservice Jetty is an API for creating stand-alone executable jars that can be used to start lightweight configurable REST interfaces with all the power of the Juneau REST server and client APIs.

12.1 - Overview

The Jetty Microservice API consists of a combination of the Juneau Core, Server, and Client APIs and an embedded Eclipse Jetty Servlet Container.

The API builds upon the {@doc juneau-microservice-core Core Microservice} classes to produce easy-to-create and easy-to-use microservices in a standard Java 1.8+ environment.

The juneau-microservice-jetty library consists of the following classes:

The most-basic creation of a Jetty microservice from an entry-point method is shown below:

public class App { public static void main(String[] args) { JettyMicroservice .create() // Create builder. .args(args) // Pass in args. .servlets(RootResource.class) // A Juneau RestServlet class. .build() // Create microservice. .start() // Start microservice. ; } }

12.2 - Lifecycle Methods

To review, the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice} class contains the following lifecycle methods:

The {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.jetty.JettyMicroservice} class which extends from {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice} provides the following additional lifecycle methods:

The additional lifecycle methods are typically not called directly, but are exposed to allow subclasses to provide customized behavior for these events. For this reason, these methods are left as non-final so that they can be overridden.

A typical implementation of an app with lifecycle methods might look like the following:

public class App { private static final JettyMicroservice MICROSERVICE; public static void main(String[] args) { MICROSERVICE = JettyMicroservice .create() // Create builder. .args(args) // Pass in args. .servlets(RootResource.class) // A Juneau RestServlet class. .build() // Create microservice. .start() // Start microservice. .startConsole() // Start console. .join() // Join thread. ; } public static void restart() { MICROSERVICE.stop().start(); } public static void exit() { MICROSERVICE.exit(); } }

Similar to {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice#getInstance()}, the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.jetty.JettyMicroservice#getInstance()} also allows easy access to the microservice:

public class App { public static void main(String[] args) { JettyMicroservice .create() // Create builder. .args(args) // Pass in args. .servlets(RootResource.class) // A Juneau RestServlet class. .build() // Create microservice. .start() // Start microservice. .startConsole() // Start console. .join() // Join thread. ; } public static void restart() { JettyMicroservice.getInstance().stop().start(); } public static void exit() { JettyMicroservice.getInstance().exit(); } }

12.3 - Resource Classes

This section describes how to define a top-level REST resource page and deploy it in our microservice. The example is a router page that serves as a jumping off page to child resources.

@RestResource( path="/*", title="My Microservice", description="Top-level resources page", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS" } ), children={ HelloWorldResource.class, ConfigResource.class, LogsResource.class } ) public class RootResources extends BasicRestServletJenaGroup { // No code! }

When deployed, it looks like this in a browser:

http://localhost:10000

If you click the helloWorld link in your application, you'll get a simple hello world message:

http://localhost:10000/helloWorld

...which is generated by this class...

@RestResource( path="/helloWorld", title="Hello World example", description="Simplest possible REST resource" ) public class HelloWorldResource extends BasicRestServlet { @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/*") public String sayHello() { return "Hello world!"; } }

The most-common case for deploying the top-level resource is to use the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.jetty.JettyMicroserviceBuilder#servlet(Class)} method:

public class App { public static void main(String[] args) { JettyMicroservice .create() .args(args) .servlet(RootResources.class) // Our root resource. .build() .start() ; } }

However, there are multiple ways of deploying top-level resources:

12.4 - Predefined Resource Classes

The following predefined resource classes are also provided for easy inclusion into your microservice:

12.5 - Config

In {@doc juneau-microservice-core.Config}, we described how to associate a configuration file with your microservice. In this section we describe how that configuration can be used to customize the behavior or your REST resource classes.

The most common usage for the configuration file is to reference values using the {@link org.apache.juneau.config.vars.ConfigVar $C} variable in annotations. For example, the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestConfig} interface that defines the annotations that control the look-and-feel of classes that extend from {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} use several $C variables to externalize values:

@RestResource( ... // HTML-page specific settings htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( // Default page header contents. header={ "<h1>$R{resourceTitle}</h1>", // Use @RestResource(title) "<h2>$R{methodSummary,resourceDescription}</h2>", // Use either @RestMethod(summary) or @RestResource(description) "$C{REST/header}" // Extra header HTML defined in external config file. }, // Default stylesheet to use for the page. // Can be overridden from external config file. // Default is DevOps look-and-feel (aka Depression look-and-feel). stylesheet="$C{REST/theme,servlet:/htdocs/themes/devops.css}", // Default contents to add to the <head> section of the HTML page. // Use it to add a favicon link to the page. head={ "<link rel='icon' href='$U{$C{REST/favicon}}'/>" }, // No default page footer contents. // Can be overridden from external config file. footer="$C{REST/footer}", ... ), // These are static files that are served up by the servlet under the specified sub-paths. // For example, "/servletPath/htdocs/javadoc.css" resolves to the file "[servlet-package]/htdocs/javadoc.css" // By default, we define static files through the external configuration file. staticFiles="$C{REST/staticFiles}" ) public interface BasicRestConfig {}

These values in turn are pulled from the external configuration file shown below. Note that the configuration file can also contain $C variables.

#======================================================================================================================= # REST settings #======================================================================================================================= [REST] # Mappings to folders containing static files. # Can be in the working directory or in the classpath. staticFiles = htdocs:files/htdocs # Stylesheet to use for HTML views. theme = servlet:/htdocs/themes/devops.css headerIcon = servlet:/htdocs/images/juneau.png headerLink = http://juneau.apache.org footerIcon = servlet:/htdocs/images/asf.png footerLink = http://www.apache.org favicon = $C{REST/headerIcon} header = <a href='$U{$C{REST/headerLink}}'> <img src='$U{$C{REST/headerIcon}}' style='position:absolute;top:5;right:5;background-color:transparent;height:30px'/> </a> footer = <a href='$U{$C{REST/footerLink}}'> <img src='$U{$C{REST/footerIcon}}' style='float:right;padding-right:20px;height:32px'/> </a>

Configuration files can also be accessed programmatically. There are 3 primary ways of getting access to the config file:

That sayLocalizedHello() example might need some explanation since there's a lot going on there. Here's what happens when an HTTP call is made to GET /hello/localized/Bob:

  1. The HTTP call matches the /hello path on the MyHelloResource class.
  2. The HTTP call matches the /localized/{person} path on the sayLocalizedHello() method.
  3. The request attribute person gets assigned the value "Bob".
  4. The call to req.getConfig().getString("MyHelloResource/localizedGreeting") finds the value "$L{HelloMessage,$RP{person}}".
  5. The arguments in the $L{} variable get resolved, resulting in "$L{HelloMessage,Bob}".
  6. The $L{} variable gets resolved to the message "Hello {0}!" in the localized properties file of the servlet based on the Accept-Language header on the request.
  7. The arguments get replaced in the message resulting in "Hello Bob!".
  8. The resulting message "Hello Bob!" is returned as a POJO to be serialized to whatever content type was specified on the Accept header on the request.

This particular example is needlessly complex, but it gives an idea of how variables can be used recursively to produce sophisticated results

See Also:

12.6 - Jetty.xml file

The Jetty microservice comes with a bare-bones jetty.xml file which can be modified to suite any needs.

The jetty.xml can be located in either the "." or "files" working directory or classpath. It can also be specified in any of the following ways:

SVL variables in the jetty.xml file are automatically resolved by the microservice. This allows you to reference values in your configuration file from the jetty.xml file.

The HTTP port used is controlled via the following:

The first available port is then made available through the system property "availablePort" so that it can be referenced in our jetty.xml file.

<Set name="connectors"> <Array type="org.eclipse.jetty.server.Connector"> <Item> <New class="org.eclipse.jetty.server.ServerConnector"> <Arg> <Ref refid="ExampleServer" /> </Arg> <Set name="port">$S{availablePort,8080}</Set> </New> </Item> </Array> </Set>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.jetty.JettyMicroserviceBuilder#jettyServerFactory(JettyServerFactory)} method is also provided to use your own customized Jetty server.

12.7 - UI Customization

The Microservice project contains a files/htdocs folder with predefined stylesheets and images.

These files can be used to tailor the look-and-feel of your microservice.

http://localhost:10000/helloWorld

The REST configuration section of your microservice configuration file can be used to tailor the header and footer on the pages:

#======================================================================================================================= # REST settings #======================================================================================================================= [REST] staticFiles = htdocs:files/htdocs # Stylesheet to use for HTML views. theme = servlet:/htdocs/themes/devops.css headerIcon = servlet:/htdocs/images/juneau.png headerLink = http://juneau.apache.org footerIcon = servlet:/htdocs/images/asf.png footerLink = http://www.apache.org favicon = $C{REST/headerIcon} header = <a href='$U{$C{REST/headerLink}}'> <img src='$U{$C{REST/headerIcon}}' style='position:absolute;top:5;right:5;background-color:transparent;height:30px'/> </a> footer = <a href='$U{$C{REST/footerLink}}'> <img src='$U{$C{REST/footerIcon}}' style='float:right;padding-right:20px;height:32px'/> </a>

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestConfig} interface (which defines the default settings for {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} pulls in this information using {@link org.apache.juneau.config.vars.ConfigVar $C} and {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.vars.UrlVar $U} variables:

@RestResource( ... // HTML-page specific settings htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( // Default page header contents. header={ "<h1>$R{resourceTitle}</h1>", // Use @RestResource(title) "<h2>$R{methodSummary,resourceDescription}</h2>", // Use either @RestMethod(summary) or @RestResource(description) "$C{REST/header}" // Extra header HTML defined in external config file. }, // Default stylesheet to use for the page. // Can be overridden from external config file. // Default is DevOps look-and-feel (aka Depression look-and-feel). stylesheet="$C{REST/theme,servlet:/htdocs/themes/devops.css}", // Default contents to add to the <head> section of the HTML page. // Use it to add a favicon link to the page. head={ "<link rel='icon' href='$U{$C{REST/favicon}}'/>" }, // No default page footer contents. // Can be overridden from external config file. footer="$C{REST/footer}" ), // Optional external configuration file. config="$S{juneau.configFile}", // These are static files that are served up by the servlet under the specified sub-paths. // For example, "/servletPath/htdocs/javadoc.css" resolves to the file "[servlet-package]/htdocs/javadoc.css" // By default, we define static files through the external configuration file. staticFiles="$C{REST/staticFiles}" ) public interface BasicRestConfig {}

Note that the files/htdocs directory is mapped to "servlet:/htdocs" using the staticFiles setting. This allows those files to be served up through the servlet through the URL "/[servlet-path]/htdocs"

The theme files are externally accessible and can be modified to produce any look-and-feel you desire. The microservice still works without the files directory. An embedded devops.css is included in the jar as a default spreadsheet.

If you're testing out changes in the theme stylesheets, you may want to set the following system property that prevents caching of those files so that you don't need to restart the microservice each time a change is made:

#======================================================================================================================= # System properties #----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # These are arbitrary system properties that are set during startup. #======================================================================================================================= [SystemProperties] # Disable classpath resource caching. # Useful if you're attached using a debugger and you're modifying classpath resources while running. RestContext.useClasspathResourceCaching.b = false

12.8 - Extending JettyMicroservice

This example shows how the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.jetty.JettyMicroservice} class can be extended to implement lifecycle listener methods or override existing methods. We'll create a new class com.foo.MyJettyMicroservice.

/** * Sample subclass of a JettyMicroservice that provides customized behavior. */ public class MyJettyMicroservice extends JettyMicroservice { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { JettyMicroserviceBuilder builder = JettyMicroservice.create(); new MyJettyMicroservice(builder).start().join(); } public MyJettyMicroservice(JettyMicroserviceBuilder builder) throws Exception { super(builder); } // Customized code here.

Optionally, you can extend the {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.jetty.JettyMicroserviceBuilder} class as well:

public class MyJettyMicroserviceBuilder extends JettyMicroserviceBuilder { int extraField; /** * Constructor (required). */ protected MyJettyMicroserviceBuilder() {} /** * Copy constructor (required). * * @param copyFrom The builder to copy settings from. */ protected MyJettyMicroserviceBuilder(MyJettyMicroserviceBuilder copyFrom) { super(copyFrom); } // Additional setters public MyJettyMicroserviceBuilder extraField(int extraField) { this.extraField = extraField; return this; } // Overridden methods @Override /* JettyMicroserviceBuilder */ public MyJettyMicroserviceBuilder copy() { return new MyJettyMicroserviceBuilder(this); } @Override /* JettyMicroserviceBuilder */ public MyJettyMicroserviceBuilder ports(int...ports) { super.ports(ports); return this; } @Override /* JettyMicroserviceBuilder */ public MyJettyMicroserviceBuilder servlet(Class<? extends RestServlet> c) throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException { super.servlet(c); return this; } ... }

13 - my-jetty-microservice

Starter Project Zip

my-jetty-microservice-{@property juneauVersion}.zip

The my-jetty-microservice.zip file is a predefined starter Eclipse project for developing REST microservices using the {@doc juneau-microservice-jetty juneau-microservice-jetty} package.

It includes a combination of the Juneau Core, Server, and Client APIs and all libraries needed to execute in a Java 1.8+ environment.

13.1 - Installing in Eclipse

Follow these instructions to create a new template project in Eclipse.

  1. Download the my-jetty-microservice-{@property juneauVersion}.zip file from the downloads page (located in the binaries) and import it into your workspace as an existing project:

  2. Select the archive file and import the project:

  3. In your workspace, you should now see the following project:

The important elements in this project are:

At this point, you're ready to start the microservice from your workspace.

13.2 - Running in Eclipse

The my-jetty-microservice.launch file is already provided to allow you to quickly start your new microservice.

Go to Run -> Run Configurations -> Java Application -> my-jetty-microservice and click Run. In your console view, you should see the following output:

Running class 'JettyMicroservice' using config file 'my-jetty-microservice.cfg'. Server started on port 10000 List of available commands: exit -- Shut down service restart -- Restarts service help -- Commands help >

Now open your browser and point to http://localhost:10000. You should see the following:

http://localhost:10000

You can enter the command exit to shut it down.

13.3 - Building and Running from Command-Line

The pom.xml file is a basic Maven build script for creating your microservice as an executable uber-jar.

The easiest way to build your microservice is to run the following from the project root.

mvn clean install

Your target directory should now contain the following files:

To start from a command line, run the following command from inside your target directory:

java -jar my-jetty-microservice-1.0.jar

You should see the following console output:

Running class 'JettyMicroservice' using config file 'my-jetty-microservice.cfg'. Server started on port 10000 List of available commands: exit -- Shut down service restart -- Restarts service help -- Commands help >

If you get this error message: java.net.BindException: Address already in use, then this microservice is already running elsewhere and so it cannot bind to port 10000.

14 - my-springboot-microservice

Starter Project Zip

my-springboot-microservice-{@property juneauVersion}.zip

The my-springboot-microservice.zip file is a predefined starter Eclipse project for developing REST microservices using the {@doc juneau-rest-server-springboot juneau-rest-server-springboot} package with Spring Boot.

It includes a combination of the Juneau Core, Server, and Client APIs and all libraries needed to execute in a Java 1.8+ environment.

One significant difference is that we are not using the Juneau {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.Microservice} API for our application but instead using the existing Spring Boot API.

14.1 - Installing in Eclipse

Follow these instructions to create a new template project in Eclipse.

  1. Download the my-springboot-microservice-{@property juneauVersion}.zip file from the downloads page (located in the binaries) and import it into your workspace as an existing project:

  2. Select the archive file and import the project:

  3. In your workspace, you should now see the following project:

The important elements in this project are:

At this point, you're ready to start the microservice from your workspace.

14.2 - Running in Eclipse

The my-springboot-microservice.launch file is already provided to allow you to quickly start your new microservice.

Go to Run -> Run Configurations -> Java Application -> my-springboot-microservice and click Run. In your console view, you should see the following output:

. ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v2.0.1.RELEASE) ... INFO: Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path '' Dec 21, 2012 12:30:00 AM org.springframework.boot.StartupInfoLogger logStarted INFO: Started App in 1.999 seconds (JVM running for 2.999)

Now open your browser and point to http://localhost:5000. You should see the following:

http://localhost:5000

14.3 - Building and Running from Command-Line

The pom.xml file is a basic Maven build script for creating your microservice as an executable uber-jar.

The easiest way to build your microservice is to run the following from the project root.

mvn clean install

Your target directory should now contain the following files:

To start from a command line, run the following command from inside your target directory:

java -jar my-springboot-microservice-1.0.jar

You should see the following console output:

. ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v2.0.1.RELEASE) ... INFO: Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path '' Dec 21, 2012 12:30:00 AM org.springframework.boot.StartupInfoLogger logStarted INFO: Started App in 1.999 seconds (JVM running for 2.999)

15 - juneau-examples-core

Archive File

juneau-examples-core-{@property juneauVersion}.zip

The juneau-examples-core project contains various code examples for using the core APIs.

15.1 - Installing in Eclipse

Follow these instructions to import the Juneau project into Eclipse.

  1. Download the juneau-examples-core-{@property juneauVersion}.zip file from the downloads page (located in the binaries) and import it into your workspace as an existing project:

  2. Select the archive file and import the project:

  3. In your workspace, you should now see the following project:

15.2 - Examples

The following shows the core examples provided:

16 - juneau-examples-rest

Maven Dependency

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.juneau</groupId> <artifactId>juneau-examples-rest</artifactId> <version>{@property juneauVersion}</version> </dependency>

Java Library

juneau-examples-rest-{@property juneauVersion}.jar

OSGi Module

org.apache.juneau.examples.rest_{@property juneauVersion}.jar

The juneau-examples-rest project includes various examples of REST resources written using Juneau.

Note: These examples can be deployed as buildable Eclipse projects using Jetty or Spring Boot using instructions in the following sections:

16.1 - RootResources

The RootResources class is the main page for the REST microservice. It serves as the jumping-off point for the other resources.

The class hierarchy for this class is:

Pointing a browser to the resource shows the following:

http://localhost:10000

The RootResources class can also be defined as a servlet in a web.xml file:

<web-app version='3.0'> <servlet> <servlet-name>RootResources</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.RootResources</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>RootResources</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app>

The RootResources class consists entirely of annotations:

RootResources.java

/** * Sample REST resource showing how to implement a "router" resource page. */ @RestResource( path="/", title="Root resources", description="Example of a router resource page.", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( widgets={ ContentTypeMenuItem.class, StyleMenuItem.class }, navlinks={ "options: ?method=OPTIONS", "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}", "$W{StyleMenuItem}", "source: $C{Source/gitHub}/org/apache/juneau/examples/rest/$R{servletClassSimple}.java" }, aside={ "<div style='max-width:400px' class='text'>", " <p>This is an example of a 'router' page that serves as a jumping-off point to child resources.</p>", " <p>Resources can be nested arbitrarily deep through router pages.</p>", " <p>Note the <span class='link'>options</span> link provided that lets you see the generated swagger doc for this page.</p>", " <p>Also note the <span class='link'>sources</span> link on these pages to view the source code for the page.</p>", " <p>All content on pages in the UI are serialized POJOs. In this case, it's a serialized array of beans with 2 properties, 'name' and 'description'.</p>", " <p>Other features (such as this aside) are added through annotations.</p>", "</div>" } ), properties={ // For testing purposes, we want to use single quotes in all the serializers so it's easier to do simple // String comparisons. // You can apply any of the Serializer/Parser/BeanContext settings this way. @Property(name=WSERIALIZER_quoteChar, value="'") }, children={ HelloWorldResource.class, PetStoreResource.class, DtoExamples.class, ConfigResource.class, LogsResource.class, DebugResource.class, ShutdownResource.class } ) public class RootResources extends BasicRestServletJenaGroup { // No code! }

The children annotation defines the child resources of this router resource. These are resources whose paths are direct descendants to the parent resource.

Child resources must be annotated with the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#path() @RestResource(path)} annotation to identify the subpath of the child. Children CAN extend from {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} but it is not a requirement.

Note that these router pages can be arbitrarily nested deep. You can define many levels of router pages for arbitrarily hierarchical REST interfaces.

Let's step back and describe what's going on here:

During servlet initialization of the RootResources object, the toolkit looks for the @RestResource(children) annotation. If it finds it, it instantiates instances of each class and recursively performs servlet initialization on them. It then associates the child resource with the parent by the name specified by the @RestResource(path) annotation on the child class.

When a request for the child URL (/helloWorld) is received, the RootResources servlet gets the request and sees that the URL remainder matches one of its child resources. It then forwards the request to the child resource for processing. The request passed to the child resource is the same as if the child resource had been deployed independently (e.g. path-info, resource-URI, and so forth).

16.2 - HelloWorldResource

The HelloWorldResource class is a simple resource that prints a "Hello world!" message.

HelloWorldResource.java

/** * Sample REST resource that prints out a simple "Hello world!" message. */ @RestResource( title="Hello World", description="An example of the simplest-possible resource", path="/helloWorld", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( aside={ "<div style='max-width:400px' class='text'>", " <p>This page shows a resource that simply response with a 'Hello world!' message</p>", " <p>The POJO serialized is a simple String.</p>", "</div>" } ) ) public class HelloWorldResource implements BasicRestConfig { /** GET request handler */ @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/*", summary="Responds with \"Hello world!\"") public String sayHello() { return "Hello world!"; } }

Notice that in this case we're not extending from {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.RestServlet}. We are however implementing {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestConfig} which is a no-op interface that defines a default @RestResource annotation with all the serializers, parsers, and configuration defined on the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.BasicRestServlet} class.

The only difference between implementing BasicRestConfig and extending from BasicRestServlet is that the latter provides the following additional features:

All other examples in this project extend from BasicRestServlet so that they provide automatic OPTIONS page support.

Pointing a browser to the resource shows the following:

http://localhost:10000/helloWorld

Using the special &Accept=text/json and &plainText=true parameters allows us to see this page rendered as JSON:

http://localhost:10000/helloWorld?Accept=text/json&plainText=true

16.3 - PetStore

The PetStore application is an functional application meant to demonstrate the following:

When you click the petstore link on the home page of the examples app, you should see this page:

http://localhost:10000/petstore

The contents of this page is primarily defined via annotations defined on the PetStoreResource class:

PetStoreResource.java

@RestResource( path="/petstore", title="Petstore application", description= { "This is a sample server Petstore server based on the Petstore sample at Swagger.io.", "You can find out more about Swagger at <a class='link' href='http://swagger.io'>http://swagger.io</a>.", }, htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( widgets={ ContentTypeMenuItem.class, ThemeMenuItem.class, }, navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS", "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}", "$W{ThemeMenuItem}", "source: $C{Source/gitHub}/org/apache/juneau/examples/rest/petstore/$R{servletClassSimple}.java" }, head={ "<link rel='icon' href='$U{servlet:/htdocs/cat.png}'/>" // Add a cat icon to the page. }, header={ "<h1>$R{resourceTitle}</h1>", "<h2>$R{methodSummary}</h2>", "$C{PetStore/headerImage}" }, aside={ "<div style='max-width:400px' class='text'>", " <p>This page shows a standard nested REST resource.</p>", " <p>It shows how different properties can be rendered on the same bean in different views.</p>", " <p>It also shows examples of HtmlRender classes and @BeanProperty(format) annotations.</p>", " <p>It also shows how the Queryable converter and query widget can be used to create searchable interfaces.</p>", "</div>" }, stylesheet="servlet:/htdocs/themes/dark.css" // Use dark theme by default. ), ... staticFiles={"htdocs:htdocs"}, // Expose static files in htdocs subpackage. children={ SqlQueryResource.class, PhotosResource.class } ) public class PetStoreResource extends BasicRestServletJena {

The inner contents of the page are generated from this method which is used to define a jumping-off page for the application:

PetStoreResource.java

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/", summary="Navigation page", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( style={ "INHERIT", // Flag for inheriting resource-level CSS. "body { ", "background-image: url('petstore/htdocs/background.jpg'); ", "background-color: black; ", "background-size: cover; ", "background-attachment: fixed; ", "}" } ) ) public ResourceDescriptions getTopPage() { return new ResourceDescriptions() .append("pet", "All pets in the store") .append("store", "Orders and inventory") .append("user", "Petstore users") .append("photos", "Photos service") .append("sql", "SQL query service") ; }

Note how we used the @HtmlDoc annotation to add some CSS to our page that renders our background image.

The {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.helper.ResourceDescriptions} class used above is a convenience class for creating hyperlinks to child resources.


The application itself is defined in 3 packages:

We also define some static files in the org.apache.juneau.rest.examples.rest.petstore package:


The PetStoreService class is a pretty-straightforward service for storing and retrieving JPA beans:

PetStoreService.java

public class PetStoreService extends AbstractPersistenceService { public Pet getPet(long id) throws IdNotFound { return find(Pet.class, id); } public List<Pet> getPets() { return query("select X from PetstorePet X", Pet.class, (SearchArgs)null); } public Pet create(CreatePet c) { return merge(new Pet().status(PetStatus.AVAILABLE).apply(c)); } public Pet update(UpdatePet u) throws IdNotFound { EntityManager em = getEntityManager(); return merge(em, find(em, Pet.class, u.getId()).apply(u)); } public void removePet(long id) throws IdNotFound { EntityManager em = getEntityManager(); remove(em, find(em, Pet.class, id)); } ... }

The DTOs are simply beans that combine both JPA and Juneau bean annotations:

Pet.java

@Bean(typeName="Pet", fluentSetters=true, properties="id,species,name,tags,price,status,photo") @Entity(name="PetstorePet") public class Pet { @Column @Id @GeneratedValue @Schema(description="Unique identifier for this pet.") @Html(link="servlet:/pet/{id}") private long id; @Column(length=50) @Schema(description="Pet name.", minLength=3, maxLength=50) private String name; ... public long getId() { return id; } public Pet id(long id) { this.id = id; return this; } public String getName() { return name; } public Pet name(String name) { this.name = name; return this; } ... }

The beans are found by JPA by adding them to the JPA persistence file.

META-INF/persistence.xml

<persistence> <persistence-unit name="test" transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL"> <class>org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.petstore.dto.Pet</class> <class>org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.petstore.dto.Order</class> <class>org.apache.juneau.examples.rest.petstore.dto.User</class> <properties> <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver" /> <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:derby:target/derby/testDB;create=true" /> <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="" /> <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="" /> <property name="hibernate.dialect" value="org.hibernate.dialect.DerbyDialect" /> <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" value="create-drop" /> <property name="show_sql" value="true" /> <property name="hibernate.temp.use_jdbc_metadata_defaults" value="false" /> </properties> </persistence-unit> </persistence>

The Petstore service is instantiated in our REST interface using a hook. Note that a real-world scenario would likely use some other means such as injection.

PetStoreResource.java

public class PetStoreResource extends BasicRestServletJena implements PetStore { private PetStoreService store; @RestHook(INIT) public void startup(RestContextBuilder builder) throws Exception { store = new PetStoreService(); } ...


The Petstore database is empty by default. The INIT link brings you to a page to initialize the contents of the database from sample data:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/init

You can try loading the Petstore database using direct JPA or via REST calls through a client-side proxy.

The initialize page is rendered using the following methods in our PetStoreResource class. Note that we're using HTML5 beans to render the contents of the page, and the use of a direct unbuffered writer allowing for the creation of a console-like window in an iframe.

PetStoreResource.java

@RestMethod( summary="Initialize database form entry page" ) public Div getInit() { return div( form("servlet:/init").method(POST).target("buf").children( table( tr( th("Initialize petstore database:"), td(input("radio").name("init-method").value("direct").checked(true), "direct", input("radio").name("init-method").value("rest"), "rest"), td(button("submit", "Submit").style("float:right").onclick("scrolling=true")) ) ) ), br(), iframe().id("buf").name("buf").style("width:800px;height:600px;").onload("window.parent.scrolling=false;"), script("text/javascript", "var scrolling = false;", "function scroll() { if (scrolling) { document.getElementById('buf').contentWindow.scrollBy(0,50); } setTimeout('scroll()',200); } ", "scroll();" ) ); } @RestMethod( summary="Initialize database" ) public void postInit( @FormData("init-method") String initMethod, RestResponse res ) throws Exception { res.setHeader("Content-Encoding", "identity"); if ("direct".equals(initMethod)) store.initDirect(res.getDirectWriter("text/plain")); else store.initViaRest(res.getDirectWriter("text/plain")); }

The direct initialization uses direct JPA to store beans in the database. The following code in PetStoreService reads and parses DTOs from our init JSON files (e.g. "init/Pets.json") and stores them using the JPA EntityManager class.

PetStoreService.java

public PetStoreService initDirect(PrintWriter w) throws Exception { EntityManager em = getEntityManager(); EntityTransaction et = em.getTransaction(); JsonParser parser = JsonParser.create().build(); et.begin(); for (Pet x : em.createQuery("select X from PetstorePet X", Pet.class).getResultList()) { em.remove(x); w.println(format("Deleted pet: id={0}", x.getId())); } ... et.commit(); et.begin(); for (Pet x : parser.parse(getStream("init/Pets.json"), Pet[].class)) { x = em.merge(x); w.println(format("Created pet: id={0}, name={1}", x.getId(), x.getName())); } ... et.commit(); return this; } private InputStream getStream(String fileName) { return getClass().getResourceAsStream(fileName); }

The REST initialization uses a REST proxy interface to delete and store values in the database:

PetStoreService.java

public PetStoreService initViaRest(PrintWriter w) throws Exception { JsonParser parser = JsonParser.create().ignoreUnknownBeanProperties().build(); try (RestClient rc = RestClient.create().json().rootUrl("http://localhost:10000").build()) { PetStore ps = rc.getRemoteResource(PetStore.class); for (Pet x : ps.getPets()) { ps.deletePet("apiKey", x.getId()); w.println(format("Deleted pet: id={0}", x.getId())); } ... for (CreatePet x : parser.parse(getStream("init/Pets.json"), CreatePet[].class)) { long id = ps.postPet(x); w.println(format("Created pet: id={0}, name={1}", id, x.getName())); } ... } return this; }

The PetStore class is an interface annotated with @RemoteResource and @RemoteMethod annotations defining how to communicate with our REST interface:

PetStore.java

@RemoteResource(path="/petstore") public interface PetStore { @RemoteMethod(method=GET, path="/pet") public Collection<Pet> getPets() throws NotAcceptable; @RemoteMethod(path="/pet/{petId}") /* method inferred from method name */ public Pet getPet( @Path( name="petId", description="ID of pet to return", example="123" ) long petId ) throws IdNotFound, NotAcceptable; @RemoteMethod /* method and path inferred from method name */ public long postPet( @Body( description="Pet object to add to the store" ) CreatePet pet ) throws IdConflict, NotAcceptable, UnsupportedMediaType; @RemoteMethod(method=PUT, path="/pet/{petId}") public Ok updatePet( @Body( description="Pet object that needs to be added to the store" ) UpdatePet pet ) throws IdNotFound, NotAcceptable, UnsupportedMediaType; @RemoteMethod(method=DELETE, path="/pet/{petId}") public Ok deletePet( @Header( name="api_key", description="Security API key", required=true, example="foobar" ) String apiKey, @Path( name="petId", description="Pet id to delete", example="123" ) long petId ) throws IdNotFound, NotAcceptable; ... }

Note that this is the same interface used to define our server-side REST implementation! The annotations defined on the method parameters used for client-side proxies are also inherited by and used for our server-side implementation class.

PetStoreResource.java

public class PetStoreResource extends BasicRestServletJena implements PetStore { @Override /* PetStore */ @RestMethod( name=GET, path="/pet", summary="All pets in the store", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="pet", parameters={ Queryable.SWAGGER_PARAMS } ), bpx="Pet: tags,photo", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( widgets={ QueryMenuItem.class, AddPetMenuItem.class }, navlinks={ "INHERIT", // Inherit links from class. "[2]:$W{QueryMenuItem}", // Insert QUERY link in position 2. "[3]:$W{AddPetMenuItem}" // Insert ADD link in position 3. } ), converters={Queryable.class} ) public Collection<Pet> getPets() throws NotAcceptable { return store.getPets(); } @Override /* PetStore */ @RestMethod( name=GET, path="/pet/{petId}", summary="Find pet by ID", description="Returns a single pet", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="pet", value={ "security:[ { api_key:[] } ]" } ) ) public Pet getPet(long petId) throws IdNotFound, NotAcceptable { return store.getPet(petId); } @Override /* PetStore */ @RestMethod( summary="Add a new pet to the store", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="pet", value={ "security:[ { petstore_auth:['write:pets','read:pets'] } ]" } ) ) public long postPet(CreatePet pet) throws IdConflict, NotAcceptable, UnsupportedMediaType { return store.create(pet).getId(); } @Override /* PetStore */ @RestMethod( name=PUT, path="/pet/{petId}", summary="Update an existing pet", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="pet", value={ "security:[ { petstore_auth: ['write:pets','read:pets'] } ]" } ) ) public Ok updatePet(UpdatePet pet) throws IdNotFound, NotAcceptable, UnsupportedMediaType { store.update(pet); return OK; } @Override /* PetStore */ @RestMethod( name=DELETE, path="/pet/{petId}", summary="Deletes a pet", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="pet", value={ "security:[ { petstore_auth:[ 'write:pets','read:pets' ] } ]" } ) ) public Ok deletePet(String apiKey, long petId) throws IdNotFound, NotAcceptable { store.removePet(petId); return OK; } ... }

The advantage to using a common interface for both your server-side and client-side APIs is that you have less of a chance of a mismatch between the server and client side definitions.


Now that we've initialized the contents of our database, we can start exploring the REST interface. We can start by click the pet link on the home page which takes you to a summary page of Pet objects:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/pet

Clicking on one of the ID links takes you to a details page:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/pet/1

You'll notice the details page shows tags and photo fields not shown on the summary page. This was accomplished with the bpx="Pet: tags,photo" annotation on the getPets() method which excludes those two properties from the view. This is a common way of defining summary and details views for POJOs.

The hyperlinks and special rendering for Pet objects is done through @Html annotations and {@link org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlRender} objects.

Pet.java

public class Pet { @Html(link="servlet:/pet/{id}") private long id; @Html(render=PriceRender.class) private float price; private Species species; private PetStatus status; ... public static final class PriceRender extends HtmlRender<Float> { @Override /* HtmlRender */ public Object getContent(SerializerSession session, Float value) { return value == null ? null : String.format("$%.2f", value); } } ...

Species.java

@Html(render=Species.SpeciesRender.class) public enum Species { BIRD, CAT, DOG, FISH, MOUSE, RABBIT, SNAKE; public static class SpeciesRender extends HtmlRender<Species> { @Override /* HtmlRender */ public Object getContent(SerializerSession session, Species value) { return new Img().src("servlet:/htdocs/"+value.name().toLowerCase()+".png"); } @Override /* HtmlRender */ public String getStyle(SerializerSession session, Species value) { return "background-color:#FDF2E9"; } } }

PetStatus.java

@Html(render=PetStatus.PetStatusRender.class) public enum PetStatus { AVAILABLE, PENDING, SOLD, UNKNOWN; public static class PetStatusRender extends HtmlRender<PetStatus> { @Override /* HtmlRender */ public String getStyle(SerializerSession session, PetStatus value) { switch(value) { case AVAILABLE: return "background-color:#5cb85c;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"; case PENDING: return "background-color:#f0ad4e;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"; case SOLD: return "background-color:#888;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"; default: return "background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"; } } } }

The CONTENT-TYPE menu items gives a shorthand way of showing our POJOs in any of the supported serialization languages:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/pet/1

For example, selecting APPLICATION/JSON+SIMPLE shows us simplified JSON:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/pet?plainText=true&Accept=application%2Fjson%2Bsimple

Note that we're using the convenience feature for specifying an Accept header via a query parameter.

The THEME menu items allows you to quickly change the stylesheet used on the page:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/pet/1

For example, selecting LIGHT shows us the page rendered using the light look-and-feel:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/pet?stylesheet=htdocs%2Fthemes%2Flight.css

Both the CONTENT-TYPE and THEMES menu items are implemented as widgets and associated with the page contents through the use of $W variables in the navigation links:

PetStoreResource.java

@RestResource( htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( widgets={ ContentTypeMenuItem.class, ThemeMenuItem.class, }, navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS", "init: servlet:/init", "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}", "$W{ThemeMenuItem}", "source: $C{Source/gitHub}/org/apache/juneau/examples/rest/petstore/$R{servletClassSimple}.java" }, ... ), ...

The implementation of a menu item contains methods for retrieving the label and HTML5 content of the menu item.

ContentTypeMenuItem.java

public class ContentTypeMenuItem extends MenuItemWidget { @Override /* MenuItemWidget */ public String getLabel(RestRequest req) { return "content-type"; } @Override /* MenuItemWidget */ public Div getContent(RestRequest req) { Div div = div(); Set<MediaType> l = new TreeSet<>(); for (Serializer s : req.getSerializers().getSerializers()) l.add(s.getPrimaryMediaType()); for (MediaType mt : l) { URI uri = req.getUri(true, new AMap<String,String>().append("plainText","true").append("Accept",mt.toString())); div.children(a(uri, mt), br()); } return div; } }

ThemeMenuItem.java

public class ThemeMenuItem extends MenuItemWidget { private static final String[] BUILT_IN_STYLES = {"devops", "light", "original", "dark"}; @Override /* Widget */ public String getLabel(RestRequest req) { return "themes"; } @Override /* MenuItemWidget */ public Div getContent(RestRequest req) throws Exception { Div div = div(); for (String s : BUILT_IN_STYLES) { java.net.URI uri = req.getUri(true, new AMap<String,String>().append("stylesheet", "htdocs/themes/"+s+".css")); div.children(a(uri, s), br()); } return div; } }

The QUERY menu item shows off the capabilities of the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.converters.Queryable} converter.

http://localhost:10000/petstore/pet

The converter will take the POJOs to be serialized and filter them based on the provided query/view/sort/paging attributes:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/pet?s=name%3DHoppy*&v=species%2Cname&o=name&p=0&l=20

The ADD menu item is a custom menu item created for the petstore app for adding pets through the web interface.

http://localhost:10000/petstore/pet

Both the QUERY and ADD menu items are only applicable for this page, and so are defined on the getPets() method:

PetStoreResource.java

@Override /* PetStore */ @RestMethod( name=GET, path="/pet", summary="All pets in the store", swagger=@MethodSwagger( tags="pet", parameters={ Queryable.SWAGGER_PARAMS } ), bpx="Pet: tags,photo", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( widgets={ QueryMenuItem.class, AddPetMenuItem.class }, navlinks={ "INHERIT", // Inherit links from class. "[2]:$W{QueryMenuItem}", // Insert QUERY link in position 2. "[3]:$W{AddPetMenuItem}" // Insert ADD link in position 3. } ), converters={Queryable.class} ) public Collection<Pet> getPets() throws NotAcceptable { return store.getPets(); }

QueryMenuItem.java

public class QueryMenuItem extends MenuItemWidget { @Override /* Widget */ public String getStyle(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return super.getStyle(req) + "\n" + loadStyle("QueryMenuItem.css"); } @Override /* MenuItemWidget */ public String getLabel(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return "query"; } @Override /* MenuItemWidget */ public String getContent(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return loadHtml("QueryMenuItem.html"); } }

AddPetMenuItem.java

public class AddPetMenuItem extends MenuItemWidget { @Override /* MenuItemWidget */ public String getLabel(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return "add"; } @Override /* Widget */ public Object getContent(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return div( form().id("form").action("servlet:/pet").method(POST).children( table( tr( th("Name:"), td(input().name("name").type("text")), td(new Tooltip("&#x2753;", "The name of the pet.", br(), "e.g. 'Fluffy'")) ), tr( th("Species:"), td( select().name("species").children( option("CAT"), option("DOG"), option("BIRD"), option("FISH"), option("MOUSE"), option("RABBIT"), option("SNAKE") ) ), td(new Tooltip("&#x2753;", "The kind of animal.")) ), tr( th("Price:"), td(input().name("price").type("number").placeholder("1.0").step("0.01").min(1).max(100).value(9.99)), td(new Tooltip("&#x2753;", "The price to charge for this pet.")) ), tr( th("Tags:"), td(input().name("tags").type("text")), td(new Tooltip("&#x2753;", "Arbitrary textual tags (comma-delimited).", br(), "e.g. 'fluffy,friendly'")) ), tr( td().colspan(2).style("text-align:right").children( button("reset", "Reset"), button("button","Cancel").onclick("window.location.href='/'"), button("submit", "Submit") ) ) ).style("white-space:nowrap") ) ); } }


The OPTIONS menu items takes you to the auto-generated Swagger UI for the application:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/pet?method=OPTIONS

Since we've defined tags on our annotations, the pet-related operations are all grouped under the pet tag:

Information for all HTTP parts is automatically generated:

The schema models for POJO models is available in the Responses section of an operation:

Auto-generated examples are available for all supported languages:

For example, application/json+simple:

Examples can be derived in a number of ways. In our case, we've defined a static method on our Pet class annotated with @Example:

Pet.java

@Example public static Pet example() { return new Pet() .id(123) .species(Species.DOG) .name("Doggie") .tags("friendly","smart") .status(PetStatus.AVAILABLE); }

Similar functionality exists for request bodies as well:

At the bottom of the page is a listing of the POJO models in the app:


The PhotosResource class provides capabilities for uploading and viewing image files. It demonstrates the capabilities of defining your own custom serializers and parsers and using multi-part form posts to upload binary data.

http://localhost:10000/petstore/photos

The PhotoResource 'database' is simply a map of keys to Photo beans and uses the Java-provided BufferedImage class for representing images.

PhotosResource.java

@RestResource( path="/photos", ... ) public class PhotosResource extends BasicRestServlet { /** Our cache of photos */ private Map<String,Photo> photos = new TreeMap<>(); /** Our bean class for storing photos */ public static class Photo { String id; BufferedImage image; Photo(String id, BufferedImage image) { this.id = id; this.image = image; } public URI getURI() throws URISyntaxException { return new URI("servlet:/" + id); } }

The contents of the home page simply renders our collection of photo beans:

PhotosResource.java

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/", summary="Show the list of all currently loaded photos" ) public Collection<Photo> getAllPhotos() throws Exception { return photos.values(); }

Clicking on one of the hyperlinks renders the stored image for us:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/photos/cat

The method for retrieving images simply returns a BufferedImage file:

PhotosResource.java

@RestMethod( name=GET, path="/{id}", serializers=ImageSerializer.class, summary="Get a photo by ID", description="Shows how to use a custom serializer to serialize a BufferedImage object to a stream." ) @Response( schema=@Schema(type="file") ) public BufferedImage getPhoto(@Path("id") String id) throws NotFound { Photo p = photos.get(id); if (p == null) throw new NotFound("Photo not found"); return p.image; }

The BufferedImage object is converted to a stream using a custom {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.OutputStreamSerializer}:

PhotosResource.java

/** Serializer for converting images to byte streams */ public static class ImageSerializer extends OutputStreamSerializer { public ImageSerializer(PropertyStore ps) { super(ps, null, "image/png,image/jpeg"); } @Override /* Serializer */ public OutputStreamSerializerSession createSession(SerializerSessionArgs args) { return new OutputStreamSerializerSession(args) { @Override /* SerializerSession */ protected void doSerialize(SerializerPipe out, Object o) throws Exception { RenderedImage image = (RenderedImage)o; String mediaType = getProperty("mediaType", String.class, (String)null); ImageIO.write(image, mediaType.substring(mediaType.indexOf('/')+1), out.getOutputStream()); } }; } }

Likewise, the body of requests can also be instances of BufferedImage:

PhotosResource.java

@RestMethod( name=PUT, path="/{id}", parsers=ImageParser.class, summary="Add or overwrite a photo", description="Shows how to use a custom parser to parse a stream into a BufferedImage object." ) public String addPhoto( @Path("id") String id, @Body( description="Binary contents of image.", schema=@Schema(type="file") ) BufferedImage image ) throws Exception { photos.put(id, new Photo(id, image)); return "OK"; }

The BufferedImage object is created from a stream using a custom {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.InputStreamParser}:

PhotosResource.java

/** Parser for converting byte streams to images */ public static class ImageParser extends InputStreamParser { public ImageParser(PropertyStore ps) { super(ps, "image/png", "image/jpeg"); } @Override /* Parser */ public InputStreamParserSession createSession(final ParserSessionArgs args) { return new InputStreamParserSession(args) { @Override /* ParserSession */ protected <T> T doParse(ParserPipe pipe, ClassMeta<T> type) throws Exception { return (T)ImageIO.read(pipe.getInputStream()); } }; } }

A custom menu item is provided for uploading new images:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/photos

The menu item is defined as a MenuItemWidget:

UploadPhotoMenuItem.java

public class UploadPhotoMenuItem extends MenuItemWidget { @Override /* MenuItemWidget */ public String getLabel(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return "upload"; } @Override /* Widget */ public Object getContent(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return div( form().id("form").action("servlet:/upload").method(POST).enctype("multipart/form-data").children( table( tr( th("ID:"), td(input().name("id").type("text")), td(new Tooltip("&#x2753;", "The unique identifier of the photo.", br(), "e.g. 'Fluffy'")) ), tr( th("File:"), td(input().name("file").type("file").accept("image/*")), td(new Tooltip("&#x2753;", "The image file.")) ), tr( td().colspan(2).style("text-align:right").children( button("reset", "Reset"), button("button","Cancel").onclick("window.location.href='/'"), button("submit", "Submit") ) ) ).style("white-space:nowrap") ) ); } }

The menu item then submits multi-part form posts to the following method:

PhotosResource.java

The SqlQueryResource class is a simple utility for performing raw SQL queries against our Derby database:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/sql

For example, viewing all of the Pet objects in the database:

http://localhost:10000/petstore/sql?sql=select+*+from+PetstorePet

The SqlQueryResource is implemented as a single class with database connection information:

SqlQueryResource.java

@RestResource( path="/sql", title="SQL query service", description="Executes queries against the local derby '$C{SqlQueryResource/connectionUrl}' database", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( widgets={ ThemeMenuItem.class }, navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS", "$W{ThemeMenuItem}", "source: $C{Source/gitHub}/org/apache/juneau/examples/rest/$R{servletClassSimple}.java" }, aside={ "<div style='min-width:200px' class='text'>", " <p>An example of a REST interface over a relational database that serializes ResultSet objects.</p>", " <p>Specify one or more queries delimited by semicolons.</p>", " <h5>Examples:</h5>", " <ul>", " <li><a class='link' href='?sql=select+*+from+sys.systables'>Tables</a>", " <li><a class='link' href='?sql=select+*+from+PetstorePet'>Pets</a>", " <li><a class='link' href='?sql=select+*+from+PetstoreOrder'>Orders</a>", " <li><a class='link' href='?sql=select+*+from+PetstoreUser'>Users</a>", " </ul>", "</div>" }, stylesheet="servlet:/htdocs/themes/dark.css" ), swagger=@ResourceSwagger( contact=@Contact(name="Juneau Developer",email="dev@juneau.apache.org"), license=@License(name="Apache 2.0",url="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html"), version="2.0", termsOfService="You are on your own.", externalDocs=@ExternalDocs(description="Apache Juneau",url="http://juneau.apache.org") ) ) public class SqlQueryResource extends BasicRestServlet { private String driver, connectionUrl; private boolean allowUpdates, allowTempUpdates, includeRowNums; ...

The connection information is pulled from the examples.cfg file using an init hook:

SqlQueryResource.java

@RestHook(INIT) public void initConnection(RestContextBuilder builder) throws Exception { Config cf = builder.getConfig(); driver = cf.getString("SqlQueryResource/driver"); connectionUrl = cf.getString("SqlQueryResource/connectionUrl"); allowUpdates = cf.getBoolean("SqlQueryResource/allowUpdates", false); allowTempUpdates = cf.getBoolean("SqlQueryResource/allowTempUpdates", false); includeRowNums = cf.getBoolean("SqlQueryResource/includeRowNums", false); try { Class.forName(driver).newInstance(); } catch (Exception e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } }

The query entry page is rendered using HTML5 beans:

SqlQueryResource.java

@RestMethod( summary="Display the query entry page" ) public Div get( @Query( name="sql", description="Text to prepopulate the SQL query field with.", example="select * from sys.systables" ) String sql ) { return div( script("text/javascript", "// Quick and dirty function to allow tabs in textarea.", "function checkTab(e) {", " if (e.keyCode == 9) {", " var t = e.target;", " var ss = t.selectionStart, se = t.selectionEnd;", " t.value = t.value.slice(0,ss).concat('\\t').concat(t.value.slice(ss,t.value.length));", " e.preventDefault();", " }", "}", "// Load results from IFrame into this document.", "function loadResults(b) {", " var doc = b.contentDocument || b.contentWindow.document;", " var data = doc.getElementById('data') || doc.getElementsByTagName('body')[0];", " document.getElementById('results').innerHTML = data.innerHTML;", "}" ), form("servlet:/").method(POST).target("buf").children( table( tr( th("Position (1-10000):").style("white-space:nowrap"), td(input().name("pos").type("number").value(1)), th("Limit (1-10000):").style("white-space:nowrap"), td(input().name("limit").type("number").value(100)), td(button("submit", "Submit"), button("reset", "Reset")) ), tr( td().colspan(5).children( textarea().name("sql").text(sql == null ? " " : sql).style("width:100%;height:200px;font-family:Courier;font-size:9pt;").onkeydown("checkTab(event)") ) ) ) ), br(), div().id("results"), iframe().name("buf").style("display:none").onload("parent.loadResults(this)") ); }

The form then submits its results to the following method using a form input bean:

SqlQueryResource.java

@RestMethod( summary="Execute one or more queries" ) @Response( description="Query results.\nEach entry in the array is a result of one query.\nEach result can be a result set (for queries) or update count (for updates)." ) public List<Object> post( @Body( description="Query input", example="{sql:'select * from sys.systables',pos:1,limit:100}" ) PostInput in ) throws BadRequest { List<Object> results = new LinkedList<>(); // Don't try to submit empty input. if (isEmpty(in.sql)) return results; if (in.pos < 1 || in.pos > 10000) throw new BadRequest("Invalid value for position. Must be between 1-10000"); if (in.limit < 1 || in.limit > 10000) throw new BadRequest("Invalid value for limit. Must be between 1-10000"); String sql = null; // Create a connection and statement. // If these fails, let the exception filter up as a 500 error. try (Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection(connectionUrl)) { c.setAutoCommit(false); try (Statement st = c.createStatement()) { for (String s : in.sql.split(";")) { sql = s.trim(); if (! sql.isEmpty()) { Object o = null; if (allowUpdates || (allowTempUpdates && ! sql.matches("(?:i)commit.*"))) { if (st.execute(sql)) { try (ResultSet rs = st.getResultSet()) { o = new ResultSetList(rs, in.pos, in.limit, includeRowNums); } } else { o = st.getUpdateCount(); } } else { try (ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(sql)) { o = new ResultSetList(rs, in.pos, in.limit, includeRowNums); } } results.add(o); } } } if (allowUpdates) c.commit(); else if (allowTempUpdates) c.rollback(); } catch (SQLException e) { throw new BadRequest(e, "Invalid query: {0}", sql); } return results; } public static class PostInput { public String sql = ""; public int pos = 1, limit = 100; }

Note that we could have also used @FormData parameters as well.

16.4 - DtoExamples

The DtoExamples resource is a resource group for demonstrating various DTO examples.

The AtomFeedResource class shows examples of the following:

Pointing a browser to the resource shows the following:

http://localhost:10000/atom

True ATOM feeds require using an Accept:text/xml header:

http://localhost:10000/atom?Accept=text/xml&plainText=true

Other languages, such as JSON are also supported:

http://localhost:10000/atom?Accept=text/json&plainText=true

AtomFeedResource.java

/** * Sample resource that shows how to generate ATOM feeds. */ @RestResource( path="/atom", title="Sample ATOM feed resource", description="Sample resource that shows how to render ATOM feeds", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( widgets={ ContentTypeMenuItem.class, StyleMenuItem.class }, navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS", "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}", "$W{StyleMenuItem}", "source: $C{Source/gitHub}/org/apache/juneau/examples/rest/$R{servletClassSimple}.java" } ), properties={ @Property(name=SERIALIZER_quoteChar, value="'"), @Property(name=RDF_rdfxml_tab, value="5"), @Property(name=RDF_addRootProperty, value="true") }, encoders=GzipEncoder.class ) public class AtomFeedResource extends BasicRestServletJena { private Feed feed; // The root resource object @Override /* Servlet */ public void init() { try { feed = feed("tag:juneau.sample.com,2013:1", "Juneau ATOM specification", "2013-05-08T12:29:29Z") .subtitle(text("html").text("A <em>lot</em> of effort went into making this effortless")) .links( link("alternate", "text/html", "http://www.sample.com/").hreflang("en"), link("self", "application/atom+xml", "http://www.sample.com/feed.atom") ) .generator( generator("Juneau").uri("http://juneau.apache.org/").version("1.0") ) .entries( entry("tag:juneau.sample.com,2013:1.2345", "Juneau ATOM specification snapshot", "2013-05-08T12:29:29Z") .links( link("alternate", "text/html", "http://www.sample.com/2012/05/08/juneau.atom"), link("enclosure", "audio/mpeg", "http://www.sample.com/audio/juneau_podcast.mp3").length(1337) ) .published("2013-05-08T12:29:29Z") .authors( person("James Bognar").uri(new URI("http://www.sample.com/")).email("jamesbognar@apache.org") ) .contributors( person("Barry M. Caceres") ) .content( content("xhtml") .lang("en") .base("http://www.apache.org/") .text("<div><p>[Update: Juneau supports ATOM.]</p></div>") ) ); } catch (Exception e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } } /** * GET request handler */ @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/") public Feed getFeed() throws Exception { return feed; } /** * PUT request handler. * Replaces the feed with the specified content, and then mirrors it as the response. */ @RestMethod(name=PUT, path="/") public Feed setFeed(@Body Feed feed) throws Exception { this.feed = feed; return feed; } }

The JsonSchemaResource class shows examples of the following:

The resource consists of a pre-initialized {@link org.apache.juneau.dto.jsonschema.JsonSchema} object. Pointing a browser to the resource shows the following:

http://localhost:10000/jsonSchema

For true JSON-Schema, you need to specify the header Accept: text/json:

http://localhost:10000/jsonSchema?Accept=text/json&plainText=true

JsonSchemaResource.java

/** * Sample resource that shows how to serialize JSON-Schema documents. */ @RestResource( path="/jsonSchema", messages="nls/JsonSchemaResource", title="Sample JSON-Schema document", description="Sample resource that shows how to generate JSON-Schema documents", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( widgets={ ContentTypeMenuItem.class, StyleMenuItem.class }, navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS", "$W{ContentTypeMenuItem}", "$W{StyleMenuItem}", "source: $C{Source/gitHub}/org/apache/juneau/examples/rest/$R{servletClassSimple}.java" }, aside={ "<div style='min-width:200px' class='text'>", " <p>Shows how to produce JSON-Schema documents in a variety of languages using the JSON-Schema DTOs.</p>", "</div>" } ) ) public class JsonSchemaResource extends BasicRestServletJena { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private JsonSchema schema; // The schema document @Override /* Servlet */ public void init() { try { schema = new JsonSchema() .setId("http://example.com/sample-schema#") .setSchemaVersionUri("http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#") .setTitle("Example Schema") .setType(JsonType.OBJECT) .addProperties( new JsonSchemaProperty("firstName", JsonType.STRING), new JsonSchemaProperty("lastName", JsonType.STRING), new JsonSchemaProperty("age", JsonType.INTEGER) .setDescription("Age in years") .setMinimum(0) ) .addRequired("firstName", "lastName"); } catch (Exception e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } } /** GET request handler */ @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/") public JsonSchema getSchema() throws Exception { return schema; } /** * PUT request handler. * Replaces the schema document with the specified content, and then mirrors it as the response. */ @RestMethod(name=PUT, path="/") public JsonSchema setSchema(@Body JsonSchema schema) throws Exception { this.schema = schema; return schema; } }

16.5 - ConfigResource

The {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.resources.ConfigResource} class is a predefined reusable resource. It provides a REST interface for reading and altering the microservice config file.

Pointing a browser to the resource shows the following:

http://localhost:10000/config

An edit page is provided for altering the raw config file:

http://localhost:10000/config/edit

The {@link org.apache.juneau.config.Config} class is a serializable POJO, which makes the resource relatively straightforward to implement.

ConfigResource.java

/** * Shows contents of the microservice configuration file. */ @RestResource( path="/config", title="Configuration", description="Contents of configuration file.", htmldoc=@HtmlDoc( navlinks={ "up: request:/..", "options: servlet:/?method=OPTIONS", "edit: servlet:/edit" } ) ) public class ConfigResource extends BasicRestServlet { @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/", description="Show contents of config file.") public ObjectMap getConfig() throws Exception { return getServletConfig().getConfig().asMap(); } @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/edit", description="Edit config file.") public Form getConfigEditForm(RestRequest req) throws Exception { return form().id("form").action("servlet:/").method("POST").enctype("application/x-www-form-urlencoded").children( div()._class("data").children( table( tr(td().style("text-align:right").children(button("submit","Submit"),button("reset","Reset"))), tr(th().child("Contents")), tr(th().child( textarea().name("contents").rows(40).cols(120).style("white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal;overflow-x:scroll;font-family:monospace;") .text(getServletConfig().getConfig().toString())) ) ) ) ); } @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/{section}", description="Show config file section.", swagger={ "parameters:[", "{name:'section',in:'path',description:'Section name.'}", "]" } ) public ObjectMap getConfigSection(@Path("section") String section) throws Exception { return getSection(section); } @RestMethod(name=GET, path="/{section}/{key}", description="Show config file entry.", swagger={ "parameters:[", "{name:'section',in:'path',description:'Section name.'},", "{name:'key',in:'path',description:'Entry name.'}", "]" } ) public String getConfigEntry(@Path("section") String section, @Path("key") String key) throws Exception { return getSection(section).getString(key); } @RestMethod(name=POST, path="/", description="Sets contents of config file from a FORM post.", swagger={ "parameters:[", "{name:'contents',in:'formData',description:'New contents in INI file format.'}", "]" } ) public Config setConfigContentsFormPost(@FormData("contents") String contents) throws Exception { return setConfigContents(new StringReader(contents)); } @RestMethod(name=PUT, path="/", description="Sets contents of config file.", swagger={ "parameters:[", "{in:'body',description:'New contents in INI file format.'}", "]" } ) public Config setConfigContents(@Body Reader contents) throws Exception { return getServletConfig().getConfig().load(contents, true).asMap(); } @RestMethod(name=PUT, path="/{section}", description="Add or overwrite a config file section.", swagger={ "parameters:[", "{name:'section',in:'path',description:'Section name.'}", "{in:'body',description:'New contents for section as a simple map with string keys and values.'}", "]" } ) public ObjectMap setConfigSection(@Path("section") String section, @Body Map<String,String> contents) throws Exception { getServletConfig().getConfig().setSection(section, contents); return getSection(section); } @RestMethod(name=PUT, path="/{section}/{key}", description="Add or overwrite a config file entry.", swagger={ "parameters:[", "{name:'section',in:'path',description:'Section name.'}", "{name:'key',in:'path',description:'Entry name.'}", "{in:'body',description:'New value as a string.'}", "]" } ) public String setConfigSection(@Path("section") String section, @Path("key") String key, @Body String value) throws Exception { getServletConfig().getConfig().put(section, key, value, false); return getSection(section).getString(key); } private ObjectMap getSection(String name) { ObjectMap m = getServletConfig().getConfig().getSectionMap(name); if (m == null) throw new RestException(SC_NOT_FOUND, "Section not found."); return m; } }

16.6 - LogsResource

The {@link org.apache.juneau.microservice.resources.LogsResource} class is a reusable predefined resource. It provides a REST interface for the log files generated by the microservice.

Pointing a browser to the resource shows the following:

http://localhost:10000/logs

17 - juneau-examples-rest-jetty

Starter Project Zip

juneau-examples-rest-jetty-{@property juneauVersion}.zip

The juneau-examples-rest-jetty project includes everything you need create a Samples REST microservice in an Eclipse workspace and build it as an executable jar.

17.1 - Installing in Eclipse

Follow these instructions to import the REST examples project using Jetty into Eclipse.

  1. Download the juneau-examples-rest-jetty-{@property juneauVersion}.zip file from the downloads page (located in the binaries) and import it into your workspace as an existing project:

  2. Select the archive file and import the project:

  3. In your workspace, you should now see the following project:

The important elements in this project are:

At this point, you're ready to start the microservice from your workspace.

17.2 - Running in Eclipse

The juneau-examples-rest-jetty.launch file is already provided to allow you to quickly start your new microservice.

Go to Run -> Run Configurations -> Java Application -> juneau-examples-rest-jetty and click Run. In your console view, you should see the following output:

Running class 'JettyMicroservice' using config file 'juneau-examples-rest-jetty.cfg'. Server started on port 10000 List of available commands: exit -- Shut down service restart -- Restarts service help -- Commands help >

Now open your browser and point to http://localhost:10000. You should see the following:

http://localhost:10000

You can enter the command exit to shut it down.

17.3 - Building and Running from Command-Line

The pom.xml file is a basic Maven build script for creating the examples microservice as an executable uber-jar.

The easiest way to build the microservice is to run the following from the project root.

mvn clean install

Your target directory should now contain the following files:

To start from a command line, run the following command from inside your target directory:

java -jar juneau-examples-rest-jetty-1.0.jar

You should see the following console output:

Running class 'JettyMicroservice' using config file 'juneau-examples-rest-jetty.cfg'. Server started on port 10000 List of available commands: exit -- Shut down service restart -- Restarts service help -- Commands help >

If you get this error message: java.net.BindException: Address already in use, then this microservice is already running elsewhere and so it cannot bind to port 10000.

18 - juneau-examples-rest-springboot

Starter Project Zip

juneau-examples-rest-springboot-{@property juneauVersion}.zip

The juneau-examples-rest-springboot library contains the same examples as juneau-examples-rest but also includes the following:

18.1 - Installing in Eclipse

Follow these instructions to import the REST examples project using Spring Boot into Eclipse.

  1. Download the juneau-examples-rest-springboot-{@property juneauVersion}.zip file from the downloads page (located in the binaries) and import it into your workspace as an existing project:

  2. Select the archive file and import the project:

  3. In your workspace, you should now see the following project:

The important elements in this project are:

At this point, you're ready to start the microservice from your workspace.

18.2 - Running in Eclipse

The juneau-examples-rest-springboot.launch file is already provided to allow you to quickly start your new microservice.

Go to Run -> Run Configurations -> Java Application -> juneau-examples-rest-springboot and click Run. In your console view, you should see the following output:

. ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v2.0.1.RELEASE) ... INFO: Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path '' Dec 21, 2012 12:30:00 AM org.springframework.boot.StartupInfoLogger logStarted INFO: Started App in 1.999 seconds (JVM running for 2.999)

Now open your browser and point to http://localhost:5000. You should see the following:

http://localhost:5000

18.3 - Building and Running from Command-Line

The pom.xml file is a basic Maven build script for creating your microservice as an executable uber-jar.

The easiest way to build your microservice is to run the following from the project root.

mvn clean install

Your target directory should now contain the following files:

To start from a command line, run the following command from inside your target directory:

java -jar juneau-examples-rest-springboot-1.0.jar

You should see the following console output:

. ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v2.0.1.RELEASE) ... INFO: Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path '' Dec 21, 2012 12:30:00 AM org.springframework.boot.StartupInfoLogger logStarted INFO: Started App in 1.999 seconds (JVM running for 2.999)

18.4 - Deploying to Heroku

Heroku is a platform-as-a-service that allows applications to be quickly hosted in the cloud. The juneau-examples-rest-springboot project contains additional metadata files for quickly deploying and running the examples in Heroku using free services.

You'll need to sign up for an account on Heroku. Afterwards, you can go to the apps page to create a new application:

https://dashboard.heroku.com/apps

Click the New button to create a new app, give it a unique name:

https://dashboard.heroku.com/new-app

After clicking the Create app button, you should see this page:

https://dashboard.heroku.com/apps/juneau-examples-rest/deploy/heroku-git

For this example, we'll use the Heroku Git option for deploying our application. Follow the instructions for installing the Heroku CLI and logging into Heroku:

https://dashboard.heroku.com/apps/juneau-examples-rest/deploy/heroku-git

Next, run the following commands to cd into our Eclipse project and initialize it as a local git repo:

$ cd juneau-examples-rest-springboot/ $ git init

Output

$ cd juneau-examples-rest-springboot/ $ git init Initialized empty Git repository in /.../juneau-examples-rest-springboot/.git/

Next, run the following command to link our project to the Heroku app:

$ heroku git:remote -a juneau-examples-rest

Output

$ heroku git:remote -a juneau-examples-rest set git remote heroku to https://git.heroku.com/juneau-examples-rest.git

Next, run the following commands to add our files to the git repo and push to the Heroku master branch:

$ git add . $ git commit -am "Initial deploy" $ git push heroku master

Output

$ git add . master (root-commit) 7c94cb9] Initial deploy 123 files changed, 11986 insertions(+) Counting objects: 127, done. $ git commit -am "Initial deploy" $ git push heroku master Delta compression using up to 8 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (113/113), done. Writing objects: 100% (127/127), 363.91 KiB | 21.41 MiB/s, done. ... remote: -----> Compressing... remote: Done: 85.9M remote: -----> Launching... remote: Released v3 remote: https://juneau-examples-rest.herokuapp.com/ deployed to Heroku remote: remote: Verifying deploy... done. To https://git.heroku.com/juneau-examples-rest.git * [new branch] master -> master

If no errors were shown, then our application should now be live. You can click on the Open app button to open the examples application in a browser:

If everything worked, your browser should now be loaded with our example REST app:

https://juneau-examples-rest.herokuapp.com

19 - Security Best-Practices

Security is always an ongoing concern in any library. If you discover any security vulnerabilities in this code, please refer to the instructions found here:

19.1 - juneau-marshall

Demarshalling vulnerabilities

One common security vulnerability is the ability to create arbitrary Java object instances through crafted user input. For example, support for constructing POJOs based on an input attribute defining a fully-qualified class name like "{class:'com.foo.MyBean',...}"

Fortunately, Juneau does not support an open-ended "class attribute. As a rule, it should not be possible to create arbitrary POJOs by any of the parsers. The demarshalled object types are inferred via reflection of the class objects passed in through the parser method (e.g. JsonParser.DEFAULT.parse(input, MyBean.class)). As long as the Class object passed into this method is not constructed from user-generated input, it should be free from demarshalling vulnerabilities.

The following example shows a potential vector that circumvents the restriction above:

// Don't do this! Class c = Class.forName(someUserInputString); JsonParser.DEFAULT.parse(input, c); // Oops! Security hole!

Juneau does support something similar to a "class" attribute that allows you to define the POJO type at runtime. This is the "type" attribute. The difference is that it's not possible to specify fully-qualified class names in "type" attributes, and instead can only specify type keys defined through bean dictionaries. Instead of serializing the fully-qualified class names in the output, we instead serialize type names that represent those POJO types. i.e. instead of "class='com.foo.MyBean'", we instead serialize "type='MyBeanIdentifier'". Since bean types are defined at compile time, it's impossible to instantiate arbitrary POJOs.

POJO types of generalized input are also inferred through swaps. Again, since the POJO types are hardcoded at compile time, these should not be subject to demarshalling vulnerabilities. However, it is possible to circumvent this through your swap implementation as shown below:

// Don't do this! public class MyInsecureSwap extends PojoSwap<ObjectMap,Object> { public Object swap(BeanSession session, ObjectMap input) throws Exception { // Security hole! return Class.forName(input.getString("class")).newInstance(); } }

Note that the {@link org.apache.juneau.jso.JsoParser}, a thin layer of the Juneau Parser API written on top of plain-old Java Object Serialization which itself is vulnerable to demarshalling issues. Due to this, the JSO parser is not included in any of the default REST servlet implementations. Be especially careful when using this parser, particularly if you want to use it for handing application/x-java-serialized-object input through REST servlets.

All other parsers (JSON, URL-Encoding, MessagePack, etc...) work the same way in determining POJO types, so should be safe from demarshalling vulnerabilities.

Dependent libraries

When accessing security vulnerabilities of any library, dependent libraries must also be taken into account:

19.2 - juneau-svl

Care must be used when defining new {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.Var Vars} using the SVL API since mistakes could potentially expose system properties, environment variables, or even file system files.

For recap, the SVL support allows you to embed variables of the form "$X{key}" inside strings that get resolved to other strings. The resolved strings themselves can also contain variables that also get recursively resolved.

An example of a potential security hole is shown below that could potentially expose any file on a file system through a REST request:

public String doUnsafeGet(RestRequest req) { // Security hole! return req.getVarResolver().resolve("$RQ{foo}"); }

This code is simply echoing the value of the foo query parameter. Now say for example that a bad actor passes in the query string "foo=$F{/some/file/on/file/system}". The $F variable allows you to resolve the contents of files using SVL, and is provided by default using the built-in variable resolver returned by the RestRequest object. You've potentially just exposed the contents of that file through your REST interface.

In reality, the above security hole does not exist because of the following restrictions:

Even though the built-in Juneau variables are safe, special care is needed when defining your own custom variables. If your variable resolves user input in any way, it's HIGHLY recommended that you override the {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.Var#allowNested()} and {@link org.apache.juneau.svl.Var#allowRecurse()} methods to prevent recursive handling of variables.

19.3 - juneau-rest-server

Denial of service attacks can be alleviated through the {@link org.apache.juneau.rest.annotation.RestResource#maxInput() maxInput()} setting. Arbitrarily-large input will trigger an exception before causing out-of-memory errors. The default value for this setting is 100MB.

Since the parsers do not use intermediate DOMs and instead parse directly into Java objects, deeply nested data structures will almost always trigger stack overflow errors long before memory consumption becomes an issue. However, this is NOT true of the RDF parsers that use an intermediate DOM. If parsing RDF, you may want to consider lowering the max-input value above.

Release Notes

Release Notes

5.0.0.0 (Jun 11, 2012)

Version 5.0 marks a major release milestone for the Juno/JJSON library. It is now available for download from iRAM under the name "Juno (previously JJSON)". The Juno Starters Guide has been updated to reflect new functionality in this release.

5.0.0.1 (Jun 14, 2012)

Juno 5.0.0.1 is a moderate update.

5.0.0.2 (Sept 28, 2012)

Juno 5.0.0.2 is a minor update.

5.0.0.3 (Oct 3, 2012)

Juno 5.0.0.3 is a minor update.

5.0.0.4 (Oct 7, 2012)

Juno 5.0.0.4 is a minor update.

5.0.0.5 (Oct 29, 2012)

Juno 5.0.0.5 is a major update.

5.0.0.6 (Oct 30, 2012)

Juno 5.0.0.6 is a minor update that fixes a small bug in 5.0.0.5.

5.0.0.7 (Jan 20, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.7 is a major update.

Core API updates
REST client updates
REST server updates

5.0.0.8 (Jan 30, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.8 is a minor update.

5.0.0.9 (Feb 26, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.9 is a moderate update.

Core API changes
REST server API changes
Other notes

5.0.0.10 (Mar 7, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.10 is a minor update.

Core API changes
REST server API changes

5.0.0.11 (Mar 8, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.11 is a moderate update.

REST server API changes

5.0.0.12 (Mar 10, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.12 is a minor update.

Core API changes
REST server API changes

5.0.0.13 (Mar 14, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.13 is a minor update.

Core API changes
REST server API changes

5.0.0.14 (Mar 23, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.14 is a major update.

The biggest change is that the RestSerializer, RestParser, RestSerializerGroup, and RestParserGroup classes have been eliminated entirely.
Instead, the existing {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.Serializer}, {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.Parser}, {@link org.apache.juneau.serializer.SerializerGroup}, and {@link org.apache.juneau.parser.ParserGroup} classes of the core API have been augmented to replace them.

Adoptions will be required if you have previously used these classes.

Core API changes
REST server API changes
REST client API changes

5.0.0.15 (Mar 24, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.15 is a moderate update.

5.0.0.16 (Mar 25, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.16 is a minor update.

5.0.0.17 (Mar 25, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.17 is a minor update.

5.0.0.18 (Mar 27, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.18 is a moderate update.

The biggest change is the introduction of the {@link org.apache.juneau.jena.RdfSerializer} class that uses Jena to generate RDF/XML, RDF/XML-ABBREV, N-Tuple, N3, and Turtle output.

This code should be considered prototype-quality, and subject to change in the future.
There are plans of adding an equivalent RdfParser class in the future, so the serializer logic may need to be tweaked to allow POJOs to be reconstituted correctly in the parser.

The RdfXmlSerializer class should be considered deprecated for now.
However, I'm keeping it around, since it's considerably faster and uses far less memory than the Jena-based serializer since it serializes directly from POJOs to RDF/XML.
It may or may not be removed in the future depending on demand.

Other changes

5.0.0.19 (Apr 1, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.19 is a minor update.

5.0.0.20 (Apr 7, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.20 is a major update.

Core API changes
REST server API changes
REST client API changes

5.0.0.21 (Apr 9, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.21 is a minor update.

Core API changes
Servlet API changes

5.0.0.22 (Apr 12, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.22 is a minor update.

Core API changes
REST Servlet API changes

5.0.0.23 (Apr 14, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.23 is a minor update.

5.0.0.24 (May 9, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.24 is a major update.

Core API updates
Documentation updates

5.0.0.25 (May 11, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.25 is a minor update.

Core API updates
Server API updates

5.0.0.26 (Jun 5, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.26 is a minor update.

5.0.0.27 (July 7, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.27 is a moderate update.

5.0.0.28 (July 9, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.28 is a moderate update.

5.0.0.29 (Aug 2, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.29 is a moderate update.

5.0.0.30 (Aug 8, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.30 is a minor update.

5.0.0.31 (Aug 9, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.31 is a moderate update.

5.0.0.32 (Oct 5, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.32 is a moderate update.

5.0.0.33 (Oct 20, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.33 is a moderate update.

5.0.0.34 (Nov 10, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.34 is a moderate update.

5.0.0.35 (Nov 26, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.35 is a minor update.

5.0.0.36 (Dec 18, 2013)

Juno 5.0.0.36 is a minor update.

5.1.0.0 (Jan 18, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.0 is a major update.

Major changes
Other changes

5.1.0.1 (Jan 25, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.1 is a minor update.

5.1.0.2 (Apr 27, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.2 is a minor update.

5.1.0.3 (Jun 28, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.3 is a moderate update.

Core API updates
REST Server API updates

5.1.0.4 (Aug 25, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.4 is a minor update.

5.1.0.5 (Sept 1, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.5 is a moderate update.

5.1.0.6 (Sept 21, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.6 is a moderate update.

5.1.0.7 (Oct 5, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.7 is a moderate update.

5.1.0.8 (Oct 25, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.8 is a moderate update, focused primarily on performance improvements.

5.1.0.9 (Dec 1, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.9 is a major update. There weren't very many code changes, but the source has been made a part of Jazz Foundation. This required some restructuring of the project. The project on Jazz Hub will eventually be discontinued. However, the libraries on IBM Community Source will continue to be updated regularly.

5.1.0.10 (Dec 23, 2014)

Juno 5.1.0.10 is a moderate update.

Core
Server
Client
Samples

5.1.0.11 (Feb 14, 2015)

Juno 5.1.0.11 is a moderate update.

Core
Server
Client
Other changes

5.1.0.12 (Mar 28, 2015)

Juno 5.1.0.12 is a minor update.

Core
Client

5.1.0.13 (Apr 24, 2015)

Juno 5.1.0.13 is a minor update.

Core
Server
Client

5.1.0.14 (May 10, 2015)

Juno 5.1.0.14 is a moderate update.

The major addition is support for Remoteable Services, the ability to invoke server-side POJO methods through client-side proxy interfaces.

Core
Client
Server

5.1.0.15 (May 24, 2015)

Juno 5.1.0.15 is a minor update.

Core
Server
Client

5.1.0.16 (June 28, 2015)

Juno 5.1.0.16 is a moderate update.

Core
Server
Samples

5.1.0.17 (Aug 3, 2015)

Juno 5.1.0.17 is a major update.

Core
Server
Samples

5.1.0.18 (Aug 5, 2015)

Juno 5.1.0.18 is a minor update affecting the server component only.

Server

5.1.0.19 (Aug 15, 2015)

Juno 5.1.0.19 is a minor update in terms of core functionality. But it introduces a Microservices project for building REST microservices and docker containers.

Core
Client
Server

5.1.0.20 (Sept 5, 2015)

Juno 5.1.0.20 is a moderate update. The biggest improvement is the ability to associate external INI config files with REST servlets using the ConfigFile functionality.

Core
Server
Microservice

5.2.0.0 (Dec 30, 2015)

Juno 5.2.0.0 is a major update. Major changes have been made to the microservice architecture and config INI file APIs.

Core
Client
Server
Microservice
Samples
Documentation Updates

5.2.0.1 (Mar 23, 2016)

Juno 5.2.0.1 is a moderate update.

com.ibm.team.juno
Server
Client

6.0.0 (Oct 3, 2016)

Juneau 6.0.0 is a major update.

The major change is rebranding from "Juno" to "Juneau" in preparation for donation to the Apache Foundation.

org.apache.juneau
org.apache.juneau.rest
org.apache.juneau.rest.client

6.0.1 (Jan 3, 2017)

Juneau 6.0.1 is a minor update.

org.apache.juneau

6.1.0 (Feb 25, 2017)

Juneau 6.1.0 is a major update.

In particular, this release cleans up the {@link org.apache.juneau.BeanContext} API to match the {@link org.apache.juneau.PropertyStore}/{@link org.apache.juneau.Context}/{@link org.apache.juneau.Session} paradigm previously used in the serializer and parser APIs. It also makes several improvements to the HTML and XML serialization support and introduces HTML5 DTO beans.

org.apache.juneau
org.apache.juneau.rest

6.2.0 (Apr 28, 2017)

Juneau 6.2.0 is a major update.

org.apache.juneau
org.apache.juneau.rest
org.apache.juneau.rest.client
org.apache.juneau.microservice

6.3.0 (Jun 30, 2017)

Juneau 6.3.0 is a major update with significant new functionality for defining proxy interfaces against arbitrary 3rd-party REST interfaces.

org.apache.juneau
org.apache.juneau.rest
org.apache.juneau.rest.client
org.apache.juneau.microservice
org.apache.juneau.examples.rest

6.3.1 (Aug 1, 2017)

Juneau 6.3.1 is a minor release.

org.apache.juneau
org.apache.juneau.rest
org.apache.juneau.rest.examples

6.4.0 (Oct 5, 2017)

The major change in this release is the project structure.

The library now consists of the following artifacts found in the Maven group "org.apache.juneau":

CategoryMaven ArtifactsDescriptionPrereqs
Juneau Core juneau-marshall Serializers and parsers for:
  • JSON
  • XML
  • HTML
  • UON
  • URL-Encoding
  • MessagePack
  • SOAP/XML
  • CSV
  • BSON (coming soon)
  • YAML (coming soon)
  • Protobuf (coming soon)
  • Java 6
juneau-marshall-rdf Serializers and parsers for:
  • RDF/XML
  • RDF/XML-Abbrev
  • N-Triple
  • Turtle
  • N3
  • Java 6
  • Apache Jena 2.7.1
juneau-dto Data Transfer Objects for:
  • HTML5
  • Atom
  • Cognos
  • JSON-Schema
  • Swagger 2.0
  • Java 6
juneau-svl Simple Variable Language API
  • Java 6
juneau-config Configuration file API
  • Java 6
Juneau REST juneau-rest-server REST Servlet API
  • Java 6
  • Servlet 3.1
juneau-rest-server-jaxrs Optional JAX-RS support
  • Java 6
  • JAX-RS 2.0
juneau-rest-client REST Client API
  • Java 6
  • Apache HttpClient 4.5
Juneau Microservice juneau-microservice-server REST Microservice Server API
  • Java 8
  • Eclipse Jetty 9.4.3
juneau-microservice-template Developer template project
  • Java 8
  • Eclipse Jetty 9.4.3
Examples juneau-examples-core Core code examples
juneau-examples-rest REST code examples
Juneau All juneau-all Combination of the following:
  • juneau-marshall
  • juneau-dto
  • juneau-svl
  • juneau-config
  • juneau-rest-server
  • juneau-rest-client
  • Java 6
  • Servlet 3.1
  • Apache HttpClient 4.5
juneau-marshall
juneau-dto
juneau-rest-server
juneau-microservice
org.apache.juneau.rest.examples

7.0.0 (Oct 25, 2017)

This release ups the Java prerequisite to Java 7.

juneau-marshall
juneau-dto
juneau-rest-server

7.0.1 (Dec 24, 2017)

This release is a minor update. It includes the following prereq updates:

juneau-marshall
juneau-svl
juneau-rest-server
juneau-microservice-server

7.1.0 (Mar 08, 2018)

Version 7.1.0 is a major update with major implementation refactoring across all aspects of the product.

juneau-marshall
juneau-svl
juneau-config
juneau-dto
juneau-rest-server
juneau-rest-client
juneau-microservice

7.2.1 (Sept 25, 2018)

7.2.1 is a major release that introduces several significant new features:

juneau-marshall
juneau-dto
juneau-rest-server
juneau-rest-client
juneau-rest-microservice

7.2.1 (Oct 23, 2018)

This release contains mostly bug fixes. Code changes have been made to preserve binary backwards compatibility with 7.1.0.

juneau-marshall
juneau-rest-server
juneau-rest-client

7.2.2 (Nov 7, 2018)

This release contains minor bug fixes and general improvements to the PetStore sample application.

8.0.0 (TBD)

This release primarily cleans up deprecated APIs from the 7.2.0 release.

The project structures of the REST, Microservice, and Examples have been modified to fit new Spring Boot integration support. The structure is now as follows:

juneau-svl
juneau-config
juneau-rest-server
juneau-rest-server-springboot
juneau-microservice-core
juneau-microservice-jetty
juneau-my-jetty-microservice
juneau-my-springboot-microservice